In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into fascinating connections between Earth's atmospheric conditions and its magnetic field, alongside intriguing insights into Mercury and the mysteries of the Sun's corona. Link Between Earth's Oxygen and Magnetic Field A groundbreaking study published in Science Advances reveals a correlation between the fluctuations of Earth's magnetic field and atmospheric oxygen levels over the last 540 million years. Researchers suggest that processes within the Earth might influence habitability on the surface, highlighting the magnetic field's role in protecting our atmosphere from cosmic rays and solar wind. This correlation raises questions about the underlying processes linking these two critical elements for life on Earth. Unraveling Mercury's Secrets New findings indicate that Mercury's crust and internal structure are unlike any other planet in our solar system. Laboratory simulations are aiding the European-Japanese BepiColombo mission, set to orbit Mercury in November 2026. Researchers are investigating why Mercury's core constitutes 60% of its volume, exploring theories about its metal-rich composition and volcanic history. The study emphasizes the need for more data to understand Mercury's unique characteristics and geological processes. The Ongoing Mystery of the Sun's Corona Despite advancements in solar research, the heating of the Sun's corona remains a significant puzzle. Observations from NASA's IRIS mission and other spacecraft are shedding light on potential mechanisms, including magnetic reconnection and plasma waves. These studies are revealing the complexity of the solar atmosphere and could help scientists understand how energy is transferred from the Sun's surface to its outer layers. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Science Advances https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv NASA IRIS Mission https://iris.lmsal.com/ European Space Agency https://www.esa.int/ Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support. 00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 77 for broadcast on 27 June 2025 01:00 Link between Earth's oxygen and magnetic field 12:15 Unraveling Mercury's secrets 22:30 The ongoing mystery of the Sun's corona 30:00 Science report: Changing seasonal rhythms and their impact on ecosystems

In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover significant advancements in our understanding of the universe and ongoing developments in space exploration. Astronomers Find the Universe's Missing Matter A groundbreaking study reveals that the universe's elusive normal matter is concealed within hot intergalactic gas filaments. This discovery, detailed in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics, identifies a massive filament of gas, ten times the mass of the Milky Way, connecting four galaxy clusters. Utilizing the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton and JAXA's Suzaku X-ray space telescopes, researchers have successfully characterized this filament, providing crucial insights into the cosmic web's structure and supporting existing models of the universe. Concerns Grow Over Leaks Aboard the International Space Station Fresh concerns regarding leaks aboard the International Space Station have led to delays in the SpaceX Axiom Spaceflight 4 mission. NASA is closely monitoring cabin pressure in the Russian segment of the station, where ongoing structural issues have been identified. Despite recent repairs, the situation remains a top safety priority as astronauts prepare for their upcoming mission. European Space Agency's Mars Rover Progress The European Space Agency's ExoMars rover, Rosalind Franklin, is back on track to land on Mars in 2028, seven years later than originally planned. This mission aims to search for signs of past life on the Red Planet and investigate its geochemical environment. With new funding and NASA's agreement to provide launch services, the Rosalind Franklin rover is undergoing final tests to ensure its success on the Martian surface. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Astronomy and Astrophysics https://www.aanda.org/ European Space Agency https://www.esa.int/ NASA https://www.nasa.gov/ Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support. 00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 76 for broadcast on 25 June 2025 01:00 Astronomers find the universe's missing matter 12:15 Concerns grow over leaks aboard the International Space Station 22:30 European Space Agency's Mars rover progress 30:00 Science report: New insights into conversion therapy and health impacts

In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore some of the most recent and intriguing developments in space exploration and cosmic phenomena. Starship's Latest Test Flight Ends in Explosion SpaceX faces another setback as its 10th Starship test flight ended in a massive explosion at the Massey test stand in Boca Chica, Texas. The incident occurred just minutes before a planned static fire test of the upper stage. We discuss the details of the explosion, including early indications of a cryogenic methane leak and the implications for SpaceX's ambitious goals of interplanetary transport. A Cosmic Anomaly and Its Frightening Implications for Earth A newly discovered cosmic anomaly challenges our understanding of galaxy evolution. A distant spiral galaxy, housing a supermassive black hole billions of times the mass of the Sun, is emitting colossal radio jets stretching over 6 million light years. This finding raises alarming questions about the potential future of our own Milky Way and the dangers posed by similar jets originating from Sagittarius A, our galaxy's supermassive black hole. We delve into the study's findings and their implications for life on Earth. New Insights into Neutron Stars A groundbreaking study has provided new insights into the birth masses of neutron stars, revealing that they typically form with a mass around 1.3 times that of our Sun. Using advanced modeling techniques, researchers analyzed a sample of neutron stars in binary systems to understand their formation history better. This research opens up new avenues for interpreting gravitational wave detections and understanding the lifecycle of massive stars. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society https://academic.oup.com/mnras Nature Astronomy https://www.nature.com/natureastronomy/ Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support. 00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 75 for broadcast on 23 June 2025 01:00 Starship's latest test flight ends in explosion 12:15 A cosmic anomaly and its frightening implications for Earth 22:30 New insights into neutron stars 30:00 Science report: Cannabis use linked to increased cardiovascular disease risk

In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover groundbreaking discoveries and innovative advancements in the realm of space and planetary science. Record-Breaking Cosmic Structure Discovered Astronomers have imaged an unprecedented cosmic structure, a massive cloud of energetic particles surrounding a galaxy cluster that spans nearly 200 million light years. This remarkable finding, presented at the 246th meeting of the American Astronomical Society, challenges existing theories about particle energization, suggesting that giant shock waves and turbulence are at play rather than nearby galaxies. We delve into the implications of this discovery for our understanding of cosmic magnetic fields and the dynamics of galaxy clusters. A New Approach to Building Mars A recent study has revealed a novel method for planetary core formation, suggesting that molten sulfide rather than metal could create a core in rocky planets like Mars. This research, published in Nature Communications, offers fresh insights into the early evolution of terrestrial worlds, particularly in sulfur-rich environments. We discuss how this finding could reshape our understanding of Mars's geochemical timeline and its core formation process. High-Performance Infrared Nano Antennas Scientists have developed innovative gold nano antennas that significantly enhance the capabilities of thermal infrared cameras, improving image quality and sensitivity. This advancement, led by researchers at Sandia National Laboratories, allows for clearer observations of thermal infrared radiation, with applications ranging from astronomy to national security. We explore the technology behind these nano antennas and their potential impact on various fields. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Nature Communications https://www.nature.com/ncomms/ American Astronomical Society https://aas.org/ Sandia National Laboratories https://www.sandia.gov/ Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support. 00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 74 for broadcast on 20 June 2025 01:00 Record-breaking cosmic structure discovered 12:15 A new approach to building Mars 22:30 High-performance infrared nano antennas 30:00 Science report: New dinosaur species discovered

In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the latest astronomical discoveries and advancements in space exploration. Solar Orbiter's Unprecedented Views of the Sun's South Pole For the first time, astronomers have captured detailed observations of the Sun's south pole thanks to the joint NASA/ESA Solar Orbiter spacecraft. This mission provides insights into the Sun's magnetic field dynamics and its role in the solar cycle, including the current solar maximum, which is marked by increased solar activity and spectacular auroras visible at lower latitudes than usual. We discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of solar physics and space weather. Surprising Discoveries on the Moons of Uranus NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has revealed unexpected surface characteristics of Uranus's largest moons. Contrary to predictions, the leading sides of these moons showed signs of darkening, challenging previous theories about the interactions between the moons and Uranus's magnetosphere. We explore the significance of these observations and what they suggest about the complex relationship between Uranus and its satellites. Europe's Ariane 6 Rocket Prepares for Its Third Launch The European Space Agency is gearing up for the third flight of its new Ariane 6 rocket, set to launch a meteorological satellite into orbit. We provide an overview of the Ariane 6's design advancements, its performance in previous launches, and how it enhances Europe's independent access to space. This rocket represents a significant step forward in European space capabilities. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References NASA Solar Orbiter https://www.nasa.gov/solarorbiter Hubble Space Telescope https://hubblesite.org/ Ariane 6 Launch Details https://www.arianespace.com/ Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support. 00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 73 for broadcast on 18 June 2025 01:00 Solar Orbiter's unprecedented views of the Sun's south pole 12:15 Surprising discoveries on the moons of Uranus 22:30 Europe's Ariane 6 rocket prepares for its third launch 30:00 Science report: New insights into the Dead Sea Scrolls and autism research

Sponsor Details: This episode is brought to you by NordVPN - the official VPN service of SpaceTime. Protect your online privacy with the same service we trust. For a special SpaceTime deal, visit nordvpn.com/stuartgary or use the coupon code Stuart Gary at checkout. In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover fascinating new insights into the Moon's hidden mantle, the dynamics of stellar nurseries, and the latest lunar lander mishap. A New Window into the Moon's Hidden Mantle Recent studies of unique green glass beads retrieved by China's Chang' E5 mission suggest evidence of a significant asteroid impact on the Moon. These beads, with their unusually high magnesium content, may originate from the Moon's mantle, offering scientists their first direct glimpse into this elusive layer. We discuss the implications of this discovery for understanding lunar geology and the history of our celestial neighbor. Unusual Stellar Nursery Discovered Near the Milky Way's Center New findings indicate that star formation rates near the galactic center of the Milky Way are unexpectedly low, despite the high density of stellar material. Utilizing data from NASA's retired SOFIA observatory, researchers have identified that these regions may produce only one generation of stars, challenging traditional models of stellar nurseries. We explore what these revelations mean for our understanding of galactic dynamics and star formation processes. Another Lunar Lander Crashes on the Moon The Japanese I Space lunar lander, Resilience, has tragically crashed during its landing attempt on the Moon, marking another setback in the race for lunar exploration. We delve into the details surrounding the mission's failure and the ongoing investigations aimed at uncovering the cause of the crash. This incident highlights the challenges faced by commercial space missions as they strive to achieve successful lunar landings. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Science Advances https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv Astrophysical Journal https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0004-637X Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support. 00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 72 for broadcast on 16 June 2025 01:00 A new window into the Moon's hidden mantle 12:15 Unusual stellar nursery discovered near the Milky Way's center 22:30 Another lunar lander crashes on the Moon 30:00 Science report: New insights into the mystery of why cats purr

Sponsor Details: This epiosode is broght to you by NordVPN...the official VPN service of SpaceTime. Get online security at a special SpaceTime price. Details at www.nordvpn.com/stuartgary or use the code STUARTGARY at checkout. In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore groundbreaking discoveries and significant events unfolding in our universe. Galactic Collision Course: Two Massive Galaxy Clusters Set for Round Two Astronomers have observed a rare cosmic event as two massive galaxy clusters, previously collided, are now on a trajectory for another encounter. Located 2.8 billion light-years away, the clusters—designated PSE2G 181.06.48.47—exhibit fascinating structures and shock fronts indicative of their impending collision. We delve into the implications of this rare event and what it reveals about the dynamics of galaxy clusters and dark matter. NASA's Psyche Mission Switches to Backup Systems NASA has been compelled to switch to a backup fuel system on its Psyche spacecraft after a drop in fuel pressure was detected in the main propulsion system. We discuss the technical challenges faced by the mission team, the significance of the asteroid Psyche, and what this means for the spacecraft's journey to explore this intriguing metallic asteroid, scheduled for arrival in 2029. Discovery of a New Atomic Nucleus For the first time in over three decades, scientists have measured the heaviest nucleus decaying through proton emission. This discovery, involving the lightest known isotope of astatine-188, sheds light on the rare form of radioactive decay and the intricate properties of exotic nuclei. We explore the experimental techniques used and the theoretical implications of this groundbreaking finding. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Astrophysical Journal https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0004-637X NASA Psyche Mission https://www.nasa.gov/psyche Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support. 00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 71 for broadcast on 13 June 2025 01:00 Galactic collision course: Two massive galaxy clusters set for round two 12:15 NASA's Psyche mission switches to backup systems 22:30 Discovery of a new atomic nucleus 30:00 Science report: Unprecedented ocean warming in the South Pacific

In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into the cosmos to uncover extraordinary cosmic phenomena, groundbreaking Mars exploration, and innovative asteroid detection technology. The Most Powerful Cosmic Explosions Since the Big Bang Astronomers have identified a new class of cosmic events known as extreme nuclear transients (ENTs), which are the most powerful explosions observed since the Big Bang. These events occur when supermassive black holes tear apart stars over three times the mass of our sun, releasing energy that surpasses even the brightest supernovae. We explore the implications of these findings, including how these luminous phenomena can provide insights into black hole growth and the early universe. NASA's Perseverance Rover Takes a Bite of Ancient Martian Rock NASA's Perseverance Rover has sampled a potentially ancient rock on Mars known as Crocodilen, located on the Jezero Crater Rim. This area offers vital clues about the planet's watery past and the potential for past life. We discuss the rover's mission, its new sampling strategy, and the significance of the clay minerals found in the region, which could preserve organic compounds. First Light for Europe's New Killer Asteroid Hunter The European Space Agency's FlyEye telescope has achieved its first light, marking a new era in the search for near-Earth asteroids that could threaten our planet. Designed to capture a vast region of the sky simultaneously, FlyEye will operate autonomously to detect and track these celestial hazards. We delve into how this innovative technology will enhance our planetary defense efforts and the role it will play in monitoring potential threats. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Science Advances https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv Nature https://www.nature.com/nature/ Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support. 00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 70 for broadcast on 11 June 2025 01:00 The most powerful cosmic explosions since the Big Bang 12:15 NASA's Perseverance Rover takes a bite of ancient Martian rock 22:30 First light for Europe's new killer asteroid hunter 30:00 Science report: Global drought severity increases since 1981

Sponsor Details: This episode is brought to you with the support of NordVPN - SpaceTimes official VPN service. When it comes to your online privacy, use the one we use and help support the show. To claim your special SpaceTime bonus deal, visit nordvpn.com/stuartgary or use the coupon code STUARTGARY at checkout. In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into groundbreaking revelations that challenge our understanding of cosmic events and planetary formation. New Insights on the Milky Way and Andromeda Collision Recent studies utilizing data from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope and the European Space Agency's Gaia spacecraft cast doubt on the long-anticipated collision between our Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy. New simulations indicate only a 2% probability of a merger occurring within the next 3.7 to 5 billion years, suggesting that both galaxies may continue to evolve largely unperturbed for a much longer period. We explore the implications of these findings and the variables that have altered previous predictions about our galactic future. Understanding Seismic Wave Acceleration in Earth's D Layer A fascinating new study sheds light on the behavior of seismic waves deep within the Earth. Researchers have discovered that the unique crystal structure of minerals in the D layer, located near the core-mantle boundary, influences the acceleration of seismic waves. This breakthrough not only clarifies the mystery behind seismic wave behavior but also provides insights into the dynamics at play in the Earth's depths. Discovery of Embryonic Exoplanets Using Advanced Techniques Astronomers have unveiled a new technique that has successfully identified five new embryonic exoplanets, offering a glimpse into their early formation stages. Utilizing the ALMA radio telescope, researchers can peer through dense protoplanetary disks to detect these young planets, which are forming rapidly in dynamic environments. This revolutionary method opens new avenues for understanding planetary evolution and the processes that govern the birth of new worlds. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Nature Astronomy https://www.nature.com/natureastronomy/ Communications Earth and Environment https://www.nature.com/commsenv/ Astrophysical Journal Letters https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0004-637X Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support. 00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 69 for broadcast on 9 June 2025 01:00 New insights on the Milky Way and Andromeda collision 12:15 Understanding seismic wave acceleration in Earth's D layer 22:30 Discovery of embryonic exoplanets using advanced techniques 30:00 Science report: AI systems refusing to turn off

Sponsor Details: This episode is brought to you with the support of Insta360 - the leaders in 360-degree video technology. To explore their innovative range and claim your special SpaceTime bonus, visit store.insta360.com and use the coupon code SpaceTime at checkout. In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover exciting new research challenging our understanding of dark matter, reveal hidden treasures beneath the Earth's surface, and explore the potential for life on Titan, Saturn's enigmatic moon. Modified Newtonian Dynamics: A Dark Matter Alternative Recent studies suggest that modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) may serve as a viable alternative to the elusive dark matter hypothesis. This theory, proposed by physicist Mordecai Milgrom, modifies Newton's laws to explain the gravitational behavior observed in galaxies without relying on dark matter. We delve into the latest findings that support MOND, including a novel method for measuring gravity in wide binary star systems, which indicates that gravity may actually be stronger than Newton's predictions under certain conditions. Earth's Hidden Gold Reserves A groundbreaking study reveals that Earth's core may contain vast reserves of gold and other precious metals, far beyond what is accessible on the surface. Researchers discovered traces of ruthenium in volcanic rocks from Hawaii, suggesting that these metals originated from the core and are leaking into the mantle. This research opens new avenues for understanding Earth's internal dynamics and the movement of materials from the core to the surface. Searching for Life's Chemistry on Titan NASA's upcoming Dragonfly mission aims to investigate the intriguing chemistry of life on Titan, Saturn's largest moon. With its organic-rich environment and unique geological features, Titan presents an opportunity to study prebiotic chemistry in a way that Earth cannot. We explore how Dragonfly will analyze the moon's surface and atmosphere to uncover clues about the processes that may have led to the emergence of life, potentially reshaping our understanding of habitability in the universe. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Astrophysical Journal https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0004-637X Nature https://www.nature.com/nature/ Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support. 00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 68 for broadcast on 6 June 2025 01:00 Modified Newtonian dynamics as an alternative to dark matter 12:15 Earth's hidden gold reserves 22:30 Searching for life's chemistry on Titan 30:00 Science report: Ancient tool-making from whale bones and quantum computing breakthroughs

Sponsor Details: Incogni: When your data privacy matters, you need Incogni. To get your special SpaceTime deal and bonuses, visit www.incogni.com/stuartgary and let them do all the heavy lifting for you Insta360 This episode is brought to you with the support of Insta360 - the innovators in 360-degree camera technology. Capture your adventures with the Insta360 X5, designed for extreme conditions. To claim a free invisible selfie stick with your purchase, visit store.insta360.com and use the promo code SpaceTime! In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore the latest developments in space exploration, lunar geology, and solar phenomena. SpaceX's Fiery Ninth Starship Test Flight The latest test flight of SpaceX's Starship ended dramatically as both the orbiter and the booster were destroyed during reentry. Despite the fiery conclusion, SpaceX officials noted that the test was designed to push the limits of the spacecraft. The flight featured numerous milestones, including a successful hot staging and the first reflight of a booster. However, issues arose during the landing burn, resulting in a spectacular explosion. We discuss the implications of this test and what it means for future missions, including NASA's Artemis 3. Lunar Rocks and Their Magnetic Mystery A new study proposes that a significant asteroid impact may explain the presence of highly magnetic rocks on the Moon. Researchers suggest that a brief amplification of the Moon's weak magnetic field, caused by a large plasma-generated impact event, could account for the magnetism observed in some lunar samples. This hypothesis sheds light on the Moon's geological history and its magnetic properties, particularly in regions near the lunar south pole, where future missions are planned. Revealing the Sun's Corona Astronomers have captured unprecedented details of the Sun's corona using a new adaptive optics system. This groundbreaking technology has allowed scientists to produce the clearest images of the corona yet, enhancing our understanding of coronal heating and solar eruptions. The new observations reveal dynamic features and turbulent flows within the corona, providing insights into the mechanisms driving space weather and its effects on Earth. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Nature Astronomy https://www.nature.com/natureastronomy/ Science Advances https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support. 00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 67 for broadcast on 4 June 2025 01:00 SpaceX's ninth Starship test flight 12:15 Lunar rocks and their magnetic mystery 22:30 Revealing the Sun's corona 30:00 Science report: New methods for green hydrogen production

Sponsor Details: This episode is brought to you with the support of Insta360 - the pioneers in 360-degree video technology. To explore their innovative range and claim your special offer, visit store.insta360.com and use the coupon code SpaceTime at checkout. In this episode of SpaceTime, we tackle some of the universe's most pressing mysteries, including new insights into the Hubble constant, the surprising geology of Venus, and the building blocks of stellar formation. Resolving the Hubble Constant Debate New data from the James Webb Space Telescope may have finally reconciled the long-standing discrepancy in the measurement of the Hubble constant, the rate at which the universe expands. For years, scientists have grappled with differing values derived from cosmic microwave background radiation and supernova observations. Lead author Wendy Friedman discusses how recent findings suggest that the standard model of cosmology holds up, with the Hubble constant now estimated at 70.4 kilometres per second per megaparsec, aligning more closely with earlier measurements. This breakthrough could reshape our understanding of the universe’s expansion and evolution. Venus's Thin Crust New research indicates that Venus's crust is unexpectedly thin, challenging previous assumptions about the planet's geology. A study published in Nature Communications reveals that Venus lacks the tectonic activity seen on Earth, resulting in a crust that is about 40 to 65 kilometres thick. This research proposes a model of crust metamorphism that could explain how volcanic activity persists on Venus, despite the absence of plate tectonics. Upcoming missions, including NASA's Davinci and Veritas, aim to gather more data that could confirm these findings and enhance our understanding of Venus's geological processes. Building Blocks of Stellar Formation A recent study highlights that the formation of stars is influenced not only by the amount of gas in a galaxy but also by its distribution. Observations from the WALLABY survey, conducted using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder Telescope, reveal that star formation is concentrated in areas with higher gas density. Lead author Seona Lee explains how this research sheds light on the intricate processes that govern star formation, suggesting that gas location is critical for the birth of new stars across various galaxy types. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Astrophysical Journal https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0004-637X Nature Communications https://www.nature.com/naturecommunications/ Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support. 00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 66 for broadcast on 2 June 2025 01:00 Resolving the Hubble constant debate 12:15 Venus's surprisingly thin crust 22:30 Building blocks of stellar formation 30:00 Science report: New links between autism and Parkinson's disease

Sponsor Details: This episode is brought to you with the support of Insta360 - the leaders in 360 degree video. To check out the range and grab your special SpaceTime bonus, visit store.insta360.com and use the coupon code SpaceTime at checkout. In this episode of SpaceTime, we delve into groundbreaking advancements in our understanding of gravity, the intriguing thermal characteristics of the Moon, and the discovery of white dwarf pulsars. A New Theory of Gravity Scientists have proposed a revolutionary new theory of gravity that brings us closer to the long-sought theory of everything. This quantum theory of gravity aims to unify gravity with the fundamental forces of nature, offering potential solutions to some of the most profound questions in physics, including the nature of dark matter and dark energy. We explore the implications of this theory and how it could reshape our understanding of the universe's origins and the behavior of black holes. The Moon's Hot Side Recent findings suggest that the Moon's near side is significantly hotter than its far side, with temperatures reaching up to 170 degrees Celsius higher. This research, based on data from NASA's GRAIL mission, reveals how geological differences between the lunar sides could be attributed to thermal variations in the Moon's mantle. We discuss the potential for these methods to enhance our understanding of other celestial bodies, including Mars and the moons of Jupiter and Saturn. White Dwarf Pulsars: A Stellar Discovery Astronomers have made a remarkable discovery of a white dwarf star that emits radio pulses, challenging the notion that only neutron stars can produce such signals. This discovery, reported in Nature Astronomy, opens up new avenues for understanding pulsar mechanisms and their sources across the Milky Way. We examine the significance of this finding and what it means for our knowledge of stellar evolution. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Reports on Progress in Physics https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0034-4885 Nature https://www.nature.com/nature/ Nature Astronomy https://www.nature.com/natureastronomy/ Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support. 00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 65 for broadcast on 30 May 2025 01:00 New theory of gravity 12:15 The Moon's thermal characteristics 22:30 Discovery of white dwarf pulsars 30:00 Skywatch: June night skies and the Taurids meteor shower

Sponsor Details: This episode is brought to you with the support of Insta360 - the game changer in 360-degree camera technology. Capture stunning moments with the Insta360 X5, which records 8K 360-degree video. To bag a free invisible selfie stick with your purchase, head to store.insta360.com and use the promo code SpaceTime! In this episode of SpaceTime, we uncover remarkable revelations about Jupiter, lightning-induced gamma rays, and groundbreaking achievements in spaceflight. Jupiter's Magnificent Past A new study reveals that Jupiter, the solar system's largest planet, was once twice its current size and possessed a magnetic field 50 times stronger than today. Researchers, led by Konstantin Batygin, used the orbits of Jupiter's small moons, Amalthea and Thebe, to deduce these findings, providing critical insights into the early stages of planetary formation. The implications of this research could reshape our understanding of gas giants and their formation processes across the universe. Gamma Rays and Lightning In a groundbreaking discovery, scientists have detected intense flashes of gamma rays produced by lightning strikes. This phenomenon, known as terrestrial gamma ray flashes, occurs when lightning accelerates electrons to near light speeds, resulting in bursts of radiation. The study, published in Science Advances, sheds light on the high-energy processes occurring in Earth's atmosphere, enhancing our understanding of lightning's power and its effects on our planet. Precision Formation Flying in Space History has been made in Earth orbit as two spacecraft from the European Space Agency's Proba 3 mission successfully flew in millimeter-perfect formation for the first time. This precision alignment is crucial for studying the Sun's corona, allowing the two satellites to simulate a single large spacecraft. We discuss the technology behind this mission and its potential to revolutionize solar observations. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Nature Astronomy https://www.nature.com/natureastronomy/ Science Advances https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support. 00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 64 for broadcast on 28 May 2025 01:00 Jupiter's original size and magnetic field 12:15 Gamma ray flashes unleashed by lightning 22:30 Precision formation flying in space 30:00 Science report: New contact lens technology for night vision

Sponsor Details: This episode is brought to you with the support of Insta360 - for incredible 360 degree videos you really need to check their cameras out. To see the range and claim your free offer, visit store.insta360.com and use the coupon code SpaceTime at checkout. In this episode of SpaceTime, we explore some mind-bending revelations about the universe, including a new estimate for its ultimate fate, the peculiar gravity of the asteroid Bennu, and India's ambitious plans for its first manned spaceflight. The Universe's Unexpected Expiration Date A groundbreaking study suggests that the universe could meet its end in a mere 10^78 years, significantly sooner than the previously estimated 10^1100 years. This revelation, based on calculations involving Hawking radiation, sheds light on how black holes and other celestial bodies lose mass over time. We discuss the implications of this research and the fascinating mechanics behind black hole evaporation, including the surprising equivalence in decay rates between neutron stars and black holes. Gravity's Quirks on Asteroid Bennu Astronomers have uncovered bizarre gravitational dynamics at play on the near-Earth asteroid Bennu, based on data from NASA's Osiris Rex mission. This small celestial body exists in a delicate balance between gravity and centrifugal forces, creating a unique environment that could lead to its eventual disintegration. We delve into how Bennu's increasing rotation might impact its structural integrity and potential future interactions with Earth. India's Manned Spaceflight Ambitions The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has announced plans for its first manned spaceflight, set to launch in early 2027. This historic mission will follow an unmanned test flight of the Gaganyan spacecraft, which is designed to carry a crew into low Earth orbit. We discuss the training and preparations of the selected Indian Air Force pilots and the technical challenges ISRO faces as it embarks on this new frontier in space exploration. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics https://www.cosmos.esa.int/cosmology Nature Astronomy https://www.nature.com/natastronomy/ Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support. 00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 63 for broadcast on 26 May 2025 01:00 New estimates on the universe's end 12:30 The strange gravity of asteroid Bennu 22:45 India's plans for its first manned spaceflight 30:00 Science report: Herpes virus linked to Alzheimer's disease

Sponsor Details: This episode is brought to with the support of NordVPN....the official VPN service of SpaceTime. To check out your special SpaceTime discount with 30 day money back guarantee, visit www.nordvpn.com/stuartgary or use the coupon code STUARTGARY at checkout. This episode of SpaceTime delves into groundbreaking discoveries and theories that reshape our understanding of the universe, including the origins of dark matter, the first visible light auroras on Mars, and new insights into massive X-ray explosions near supermassive black holes. The Birth of Dark Matter Explained A new hypothesis suggests that dark matter, which constitutes about 85% of the universe's mass, may have originated from massless particles that condensed as they slowed down. This theory, outlined in the journal Physical Review Letters, proposes that these particles formed during the early universe's chaotic conditions, akin to steam turning into water. We discuss how this model could be tested using existing cosmic microwave background radiation data, potentially revolutionizing our understanding of dark matter's properties and formation. Visible Light Auroras on Mars In a historic achievement, NASA's Perseverance rover has captured the first visible light auroras on Mars, confirming long-held theories about Martian atmospheric phenomena. This event, triggered by a massive solar flare, opens up new avenues for auroral research and suggests that future astronauts could witness these stunning displays on the Martian surface. We explore the implications of this discovery and how it enhances our understanding of solar interactions with planetary atmospheres. Quasiperiodic Eruptions: A New Type of X-ray Explosion Astronomers have identified a new type of X-ray outburst known as quasiperiodic eruptions, occurring near supermassive black holes. Observed in a galaxy 300 million light-years away, these eruptions exhibit a unique pattern, with events occurring every 4.5 days. We discuss the mechanisms behind these eruptions and their significance in understanding the dynamics of black holes and their surrounding environments. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Physical Review Letters https://journals.aps.org/prl/ Science Advances https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv Astrophysical Journal https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0004-637X Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support. 00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 62 for broadcast on 23 May 2025 01:00 New theory explaining the birth of dark matter 12:15 First visible light auroras detected on Mars 20:30 Discovery of quasiperiodic eruptions near supermassive black holes 30:00 Science report: AI chatbots exaggerate research summaries

This episode of SpaceTime explores the recent surge in solar activity, including the largest solar flare of the year and the most intense geomagnetic storm in two decades.Massive Solar Flare and Its Implications We delve into the details of a powerful X 2.7 class solar flare that erupted from a newly active sunspot region, AR14087. Although the flare was not initially directed towards Earth, its rotation has now positioned it directly in our path. We discuss the mechanics of solar flares, their classification, and the potential impacts of such events on our planet, including disruptions to communication systems, satellite operations, and even power grids.The Gannon Storm: A Historic Geomagnetic Event The episode highlights the Gannon Storm, a severe geomagnetic storm that struck Earth on May 10, 2024. Coinciding with a space weather exercise, this event caused significant disruptions, including high voltage power line failures and rerouted flights due to radiation exposure. We analyze its effects on the atmosphere, satellites, and even the ionosphere, revealing insights into how such storms can impact modern technology.Ancient Solar Storms and Their Modern Implications In a fascinating segment, we discuss a groundbreaking study that identifies the strongest solar storm ever recorded, dating back to 12350 BCE. This ancient event, significantly more intense than any modern storm, provides invaluable data for understanding solar activity and its potential risks to contemporary infrastructure.Science Robert: Long Work Hours and Brain Changes We also touch on a new study revealing how long working hours could alter brain structures, potentially affecting memory and emotional regulation.Join us as we unpack these cosmic phenomena and their implications for life on Earth and beyond. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Journal of Occupational Environmental Medicine https://journals.lww.com/joem/Pages/default.aspx Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support. 00:00 Solar flares are powerful blasts of energy erupting from sunspots 10:30 May 2024 was the biggest geomagnetic storm in over 20 years 14:29 New study reveals strongest solar event ever recorded, rewriting science on space weather 18:23 A new study claims people who work long hours could have altered brain structures

This episode of SpaceTime covers a range of exciting topics, including the delayed launch of Gilmour Space's Eris rocket, groundbreaking discoveries on Venus, and a billion-year-old asteroid impact in Scotland that raises new questions about the evolution of life on Earth. Eris Rocket Launch Delayed Gilmour Space has postponed the maiden launch of its Eris orbital rocket due to technical issues encountered during pre-flight checks. The rocket, designed to carry small satellite payloads, will now face a delay of at least three weeks as the company investigates the unexpected deployment of the launch vehicle's nosecone fairings. We discuss the implications of this delay and what it means for future commercial launches. Tectonic Activity on Venus In a fascinating discovery, scientists have identified possible tectonic activity on Venus, based on data from NASA's Magellan mission. Researchers found evidence of unique geological features known as coronae, which may indicate ongoing deformation of the planet's surface due to molten material from below. This research not only enhances our understanding of Venus but also offers insights into Earth's geological history. Ancient Asteroid Impact in Scotland A recent study has revealed that a massive asteroid impact in Scotland occurred 990 million years ago, much later than previously thought. This discovery, based on dating tiny zircon crystals, suggests a connection between this impact event and the emergence of early freshwater eukaryotes on land. We delve into the implications of this revised timeline for our understanding of life on Earth and the environmental changes triggered by such impacts. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Science Advances https://www.science.org/journal/sciadv Journal of Geology https://www.geosociety.org/publications/gsa/geo.asp Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support. 00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 60 for broadcast on 19 May 2025 00:54 Gilmour Space's Eris rocket launch delayed 10:15 Possible tectonic activity discovered on Venus 18:45 Billion-year-old asteroid impact in Scotland raises questions about early life on Earth 25:00 Science report: Unexplained communications equipment found in Chinese-made solar panel inverters

Sponsor Links: Insta360 - To ceck out the range of cameras and to claim your bonus, visit store.insta360 and use the coupon code SpaceTime at checkout. This episode of SpaceTime dives deep into the intriguing findings from Mars, the peculiar behavior of a family of stars, and the latest developments in NASA's Artemis program. Possible Martian Biosignatures Scientists are captivated by the potential detection of biosignatures in a rock sample named Chayava Falls, collected by NASA's Perseverance rover. This rock, filled with unique chemical signatures, raises questions about the possibility of ancient microbial life on Mars. The analysis reveals organic compounds and distinctive structures, prompting further investigation to determine their origins and implications for past life on the Red Planet. Strange Stellar Family In an unexpected discovery, astronomers have identified a cluster of over a thousand young stars, named Ophion, that are behaving in a chaotic manner, rapidly dispersing instead of forming stable groups. This unusual behavior challenges existing theories about star formation and raises questions about the influences of nearby massive stellar groups and past supernovae on their movement. Artemis 2 Orion Capsule Delivered The Orion capsule designated for NASA's Artemis 2 mission has officially been handed over to NASA after final assembly and testing. This advanced spacecraft is set to carry a crew of four on a mission to orbit the Moon, marking a significant step towards future lunar exploration. We discuss the enhancements made to Orion since Artemis 1 and the preparations for its upcoming launch. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Astrophysical Journal https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/0004-637X NASA Perseverance Rover https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/ NASA Artemis Program https://www.nasa.gov/artemis Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support. 00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 59 for broadcast on 16 May 2025 00:54 Possible biosignatures detected on Mars 12:15 The unusual behavior of the Ophion star cluster 20:30 Artemis 2 Orion capsule delivered to NASA for preparations 25:00 Science report: Technology use around children and its effects on health

Sponsor Links: Insta360 X5 Camera. To bag a free invisible selfie stick worth US$24.99 with your purchase, head to store.insta360.com and use the promo code "spacetime", available for the first 30 standard package purchases only. This episode of SpaceTime delves into the latest revelations in the cosmos, exploring groundbreaking theories about dark matter and the future of lunar exploration. New Insights into Dark Matter Astronomers have made a significant breakthrough in understanding dark matter, revealing a potential new type of less massive dark matter at the center of the Milky Way. This study, published in Physical Review Letters, suggests that huge clouds of positively charged hydrogen may be linked to this elusive substance. The findings challenge existing models of dark matter, proposing that lighter particles may be responsible for unexplained chemical reactions observed in the galactic center. Lunar Gateway Space Station Takes Shape In an exciting development for lunar exploration, the first habitation module for the Lunar Gateway Space Station has arrived in the United States. Known as the Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO), this module will serve as a command hub for future missions to the Moon and Mars. We discuss the integration of HALO with the Power and Propulsion Element and the implications for the Artemis program. Space Junk Threatens the ISS We also cover the alarming increase in space debris, as NASA is forced to maneuver the International Space Station to avoid a potential collision with fragments of a Chinese rocket. This ongoing issue highlights the growing challenges of maintaining a safe orbital environment for astronauts aboard the ISS. www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com ✍️ Episode References Physical Review Letters https://journals.aps.org/prl/ NASA Lunar Gateway https://www.nasa.gov/gateway Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/spacetime-space-astronomy--2458531/support. 00:00 This is Space Time Series 28, Episode 58 for broadcast on 14 May 2025 00:54 New insights into dark matter in the Milky Way 10:30 The Lunar Gateway Space Station's HALO module arrives 17:15 Space junk threatens the International Space Station 20:45 Science report: Insights into Earth's population growth and continental movement