Review of the undecidable language ATM, the Halting Problem; introduction to diagonalization and countability; proof by diagonalization that the real numbers are not countable.

L13: Diagonalization, countability and uncountability

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This is a rigorous undergraduate course on the Theory of Computation, using the classic text "Introduction to the Theory of Computation" by Michael Sipser. The course covers machine models and languages defined by Finite State Machines, Context-Free Languages, and Turing Machines. 

There are four major theorems (and their uses) that we will study during this course, providing complete proofs: the pumping Lemma for regular languages, used to show that there are languages that are not regular; the existence of a Universal Turing Machine; undecidability of the Halting problem; and Cook's theorem that NP-complete problems exist. In addition to these major results, and other results, a central goal of the course is to increase student's skill level in understanding and writing rigorous mathematical proofs.