A team of astronomers has used NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope to survey the starburst galaxy Messier 82 (M82). Located 12 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major, this galaxy is relatively compact in size but hosts a frenzy of star formation activity. For comparison, M82 is sprouting new stars 10 times faster than the Milky Way galaxy. Led by Alberto Bolatto at the University of Maryland, College Park, the team directed Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) instrument toward the starburst galaxy’s center, attaining a closer look at the physical conditions that foster the formation of new stars. “M82 has garnered a variety of observations over the years because it can be considered as the prototypical starburst galaxy,” said Bolatto, lead author of the study. “Both NASA’s Spitzer and Hubble space telescopes have observed this target. With Webb’s size and resolution, we can look at this star-forming galaxy and see all of this beautiful, new detail.” Star formation continues to maintain a sense of mystery because it is shrouded by curtains of dust and gas, creating an obstacle in observing this process. Fortunately, Webb’s ability to peer in the infrared is an asset in navigating these murky conditions. Additionally, these NIRCam images of the very center of the starburst were obtained using an instrument mode that prevented the very bright source from overwhelming the detector. While dark brown tendrils of heavy dust are threaded throughout M82’s glowing white core even in this infrared view, Webb’s NIRCam has revealed a level of detail that has historically been obscured. Looking closer toward the center, small specks depicted in green denote concentrated areas of iron, most of which are supernova remnants. Small patches that appear red signify regions where molecular hydrogen is being lit up by a nearby young star’s radiation. “This image shows the power of Webb,” said Rebecca Levy, second author of the study at the University of Arizona, Tucson. “Every single white dot in this image is either a star or a star cluster. We can start to distinguish all of these tiny point sources, which enables us to acquire an accurate count of all the star clusters in this galaxy.” Looking at M82 in slightly longer infrared wavelengths, clumpy tendrils represented in red can be seen extending above and below the galaxy’s plane. These gaseous streamers are a galactic wind rushing out from the core of the starburst. One area of focus for this research team was understanding how this galactic wind, which is caused by the rapid rate of star formation and subsequent supernovae, is being launched and influencing its surrounding environment. By resolving a central section of M82, scientists could examine where the wind originates, and gain insight on how hot and cold components interact within the wind. Webb’s NIRCam instrument was well-suited to trace the structure of the galactic wind via emission from sooty chemical molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs can be considered as very small dust grains that survive in cooler temperatures but are destroyed in hot conditions. Much to the team’s surprise, Webb’s view of the PAH emission highlights the galactic wind’s fine structure – an aspect previously unknown. Depicted as red filaments, the emission extends away from the central region where the heart of star formation is located. Another unanticipated find was the similar structure between the PAH emission and that of hot, ionized gas. “It was unexpected to see the PAH emission resemble ionized gas,” said Bolatto. “PAHs are not supposed to live very long when exposed to such a strong radiation field, so perhaps they are being replenished all the time. It challenges our theories and shows us that further investigation is required.” Webb’s observations of M82 in near-infrared light spur further questions about star formation, some of which the team hopes to answer with additional data gathered with Webb, including that of another starburst galaxy. Two other papers from this team characterizing the stellar clusters and correlations among wind components of M82 are almost finalized. In the near future, the team will have spectroscopic observations of M82 from Webb ready for their analysis, as well as complementary large-scale images of the galaxy and wind. Spectral data will help astronomers determine accurate ages for the star clusters and provide a sense of timing for how long each phase of star formation lasts in a starburst galaxy environment. On a broader scale, inspecting the activity in galaxies like M82 can deepen astronomers’ understanding of the early universe. “Webb’s observation of M82, a target closer to us, is a reminder that the telescope excels at studying galaxies at all distances,” said Bolatto. “In addition to looking at young, high-redshift galaxies, we can look at targets closer to home to gather insight into the processes that are happening here – events that also occurred in the early universe.”

What do margaritas, vinegar, and ant stings have in common? They contain chemical ingredients that NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has identified surrounding two young protostars known as IRAS 2A and IRAS 23385. Although planets are not yet forming around those stars, these and other molecules detected there by Webb represent key ingredients for making potentially habitable worlds. An international team of astronomers used Webb’s MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) to identify a variety of icy compounds made up of complex organic molecules like ethanol (alcohol) and likely acetic acid (an ingredient in vinegar). This work builds on previous Webb detections of diverse ices in a cold, dark molecular cloud. “This finding contributes to one of the long-standing questions in astrochemistry,” said team leader Will Rocha of Leiden University in the Netherlands. “What is the origin of complex organic molecules, or COMs, in space? Are they made in the gas phase or in ices? The detection of COMs in ices suggests that solid-phase chemical reactions on the surfaces of cold dust grains can build complex kinds of molecules.” As several COMs, including those detected in the solid phase in this research, were previously detected in the warm gas phase, it is now believed that they originate from the sublimation of ices. Sublimation is to change directly from a solid to a gas without becoming a liquid. Therefore, detecting COMs in ices makes astronomers hopeful about improved understanding of the origins of other, even larger molecules in space. Scientists are also keen to explore to what extent these COMs are transported to planets at much later stages of protostellar evolution. COMs in cold ices are thought to be easier to transport from molecular clouds to planet-forming disks than warm, gaseous molecules. These icy COMs can therefore be incorporated into comets and asteroids, which in turn may collide with forming planets, delivering the ingredients for life to possibly flourish. The science team also detected simpler molecules, including formic acid (which causes the burning sensation of an ant sting), methane, formaldehyde, and sulfur dioxide. Research suggests that sulfur-containing compounds like sulfur dioxide played an important role in driving metabolic reactions on the primitive Earth. Of particular interest is that one of the sources investigated, IRAS 2A, is characterized as a low-mass protostar. IRAS 2A may therefore be similar to the early stages of our own solar system. As such, the chemicals identified around this protostar may have been in the first stages of development of our solar system and later delivered to the primitive Earth. “All of these molecules can become part of comets and asteroids and eventually new planetary systems when the icy material is transported inward to the planet-forming disk as the protostellar system evolves,” said Ewine van Dishoeck of Leiden University, one of the coordinators of the science program. “We look forward to following this astrochemical trail step-by-step with more Webb data in the coming years.” These observations were made for the JOYS+ (James Webb Observations of Young ProtoStars) program. The team dedicated these results to team member Harold Linnartz, who unexpectedly passed away in December 2023, shortly after the acceptance of this paper. This research has been accepted for publication in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics. The James Webb Space Telescope is the world's premier space science observatory. Webb is solving mysteries in our solar system, looking beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probing the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international program led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency) and the Canadian Space Agency.

NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has found the best evidence yet for emission from a neutron star at the site of a recently observed supernova. The supernova, known as SN 1987A, was a core-collapse supernova, meaning the compacted remains at its core formed either a neutron star or a black hole. Evidence for such a compact object has long been sought, and while indirect evidence for the presence of a neutron star has previously been found, this is the first time that the effects of high-energy emission from the probable young neutron star have been detected. Supernovae – the explosive final death throes of some massive stars – blast out within hours, and the brightness of the explosion peaks within a few months. The remains of the exploding star will continue to evolve at a rapid rate over the following decades, offering a rare opportunity for astronomers to study a key astronomical process in real time. Supernova 1987A The supernova SN 1987A occurred 160,000 light-years from Earth in the Large Magellanic Cloud. It was first observed on Earth in February 1987, and its brightness peaked in May of that year. It was the first supernova that could be seen with the naked eye since Kepler's Supernova was observed in 1604. About two hours prior to the first visible-light observation of SN 1987A, three observatories around the world detected a burst of neutrinos lasting only a few seconds. The two different types of observations were linked to the same supernova event, and provided important evidence to inform the theory of how core-collapse supernovae take place. This theory included the expectation that this type of supernova would form a neutron star or a black hole. Astronomers have searched for evidence for one or the other of these compact objects at the center of the expanding remnant material ever since. Indirect evidence for the presence of a neutron star at the center of the remnant has been found in the past few years, and observations of much older supernova remnants –such as the Crab Nebula – confirm that neutron stars are found in many supernova remnants. However, no direct evidence of a neutron star in the aftermath of SN 1987A (or any other such recent supernova explosion) had been observed, until now. The James Webb Space Telescope has observed the best evidence yet for emission from a neutron star at the site of a well-known and recently-observed supernova known as SN 1987A. At left is a NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) image released in 2023. The image at top right shows light from singly ionized argon (Argon II) captured by the Medium Resolution Spectrograph (MRS) mode of MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument). The image at bottom right shows light from multiply ionized argon captured by the NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph). Both instruments show a strong signal from the center of the supernova remnant. This indicated to the science team that there is a source of high-energy radiation there, most likely a neutron star. NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, C. Fransson (Stockholm University), M. Matsuura (Cardiff University), M. J. Barlow (University College London), P. J. Kavanagh (Maynooth University), J. Larsson (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) Claes Fransson of Stockholm University, and the lead author on this study, explained: “From theoretical models of SN 1987A, the 10-second burst of neutrinos observed just before the supernova implied that a neutron star or black hole was formed in the explosion. But we have not observed any compelling signature of such a newborn object from any supernova explosion. With this observatory, we have now found direct evidence for emission triggered by the newborn compact object, most likely a neutron star.” Webb’s Observations of SN 1987A Webb began science observations in July 2022, and the Webb observations behind this work were taken on July 16, making the SN 1987A remnant one of the first objects observed by Webb. The team used the Medium Resolution Spectrograph (MRS) mode of Webb’s MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument), which members of the same team helped to develop. The MRS is a type of instrument known as an Integral Field Unit (IFU). IFUs are able to image an object and take a spectrum of it at the same time. An IFU forms a spectrum at each pixel, allowing observers to see spectroscopic differences across the object. Analysis of the Doppler shift of each spectrum also permits the evaluation of the velocity at each position. Spectral analysis of the results showed a strong signal due to ionized argon from the center of the ejected material that surrounds the original site of SN 1987A. Subsequent observations using Webb’s NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph) IFU at shorter wavelengths found even more heavily ionized chemical elements, particularly five times ionized argon (meaning argon atoms that have lost five of their 18 electrons). Such ions require highly energetic photons to form, and those photons have to come from somewhere. “To create these ions that we observed in the ejecta, it was clear that there had to be a source of high-energy radiation in the center of the SN 1987A remnant,” Fransson said. “In the paper we discuss different possibilities, finding that only a few scenarios are likely, and all of these involve a newly born neutron star.” More observations are planned this year, with Webb and ground-based telescopes. The research team hopes ongoing study will provide more clarity about exactly what is happening in the heart of the SN 1987A remnant. These observations will hopefully stimulate the development of more detailed models, ultimately enabling astronomers to better understand not just SN 1987A, but all core-collapse supernovae. These findings were published in the journal Science. The James Webb Space Telescope is the world’s premier space science observatory. Webb is solving mysteries in our solar system, looking beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probing the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international program led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency) and the Canadian Space Agency.

The discovery: A “super-Earth” ripe for further investigation orbits a small, reddish star that is, by astronomical standards, fairly close to us – only 137 light-years away. The same system also might harbor a second, Earth-sized planet. The bigger planet, dubbed TOI-715 b, is about one and a half times as wide as Earth, and orbits within the “conservative” habitable zone around its parent star. That’s the distance from the star that could give the planet the right temperature for liquid water to form on its surface. Several other factors would have to line up, of course, for surface water to be present, especially having a suitable atmosphere. But the conservative habitable zone – a narrower and potentially more robust definition than the broader “optimistic” habitable zone – puts it in prime position, at least by the rough measurements made so far. The smaller planet could be only slightly larger than Earth, and also might dwell just inside the conservative habitable zone. Astronomers are beginning to write a whole new chapter in our understanding of exoplanets – planets beyond our solar system. The newest spaceborne instruments, including those onboard NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, are designed not just to detect these distant worlds, but to reveal some of their characteristics. That includes the composition of their atmospheres, which could offer clues to the possible presence of life. The recently discovered super-Earth, TOI-715 b, might be making its appearance at just the right time. Its parent star is a red dwarf, smaller and cooler than our Sun; a number of such stars are known to host small, rocky worlds. At the moment, they’re the best bet for finding habitable planets. These planets make far closer orbits than those around stars like our Sun, but because red dwarfs are smaller and cooler, the planets can crowd closer and still be safely within the star’s habitable zone. The tighter orbits also mean those that cross the faces of their stars – that is, when viewed by our space telescopes – cross far more often. In the case of planet b, that’s once every 19 days, a “year” on this strange world. So these star-crossing (“transiting”) planets can be more easily detected and more frequently observed. That’s the case for TESS (the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite), which found the new planet and has been adding to astronomers’ stockpile of habitable-zone exoplanets since its launch in 2018. Observing such transits for, say, an Earth-sized planet around a Sun-like star (and waiting for an Earth year, 365 days, to catch another transit) is beyond the capability of existing space telescopes. Planet TOI-175 b joins the list of habitable-zone planets that could be more closely scrutinized by the Webb telescope, perhaps even for signs of an atmosphere. Much will depend on the planet’s other properties, including how massive it is and whether it can be classed as a “water world” – making its atmosphere, if present, more prominent and far less difficult to detect than that of a more massive, denser and drier world, likely to hold its lower-profile atmosphere closer to the surface. If the possible second, Earth-sized planet in the system also is confirmed, it would become the smallest habitable-zone planet discovered by TESS so far. The discovery also exceeded early expectations for TESS by finding an Earth-sized world in the habitable zone. An international team of scientists led by Georgina Dransfield of the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom, published a paper in January 2024 on their discovery, “A 1.55 R⊕ habitable-zone planet hosted by TOI-715, an M4 star near the ecliptic South Pole,” in the journal, “Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.” An international array of facilities used to confirm the planet included Gemini-South, Las Cumbres Observatory telescopes, the ExTrA telescopes, the SPECULOOS network, and the TRAPPIST-south telescope. Make sure you subscribe to this podcast and never miss an update. Thanks for listening.

Webb Celebrates First Year of Science With Close-up on Birth of Sun-like Stars

The U.S. Postal Service has issued two new Priority Mail stamps celebrating NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, the largest, most powerful, and most complex telescope ever put in space. The stamps, issued Jan. 22, feature images of the cosmos captured by Webb since it began its science mission in 2022. Webb is a mission led by NASA in partnership with ESA (European Space Agency) and CSA (Canadian Space Agency). “NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope is the perfect intersection of science, engineering, and art as it reveals the greatest secrets of our cosmos through the beautiful images it captures,” said Nicola Fox, associate administrator, Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters in Washington. “With these stamps, people across the country can have their own snapshot of Webb’s captivating images – and the incredible science they represent – at their fingertips, and know that they, too, are part of this ground-breaking new era in astronomy.” Orange mountain-like structures against a blue background form the Cosmic Cliffs The U.S. Postal Service issued a Priority Mail Express stamp Jan. 22, 2024, highlighting an image of the Carina Nebula from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope. Greg Breeding, an art director for the U.S. Postal Service, designed the stamp with an image provided by NASA, ESA, CSA, and the Space Telescope Science Institute. US Postal Service The first of the new stamps, a Priority Mail Express stamp, features Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) image of the “Cosmic Cliffs” in the Carina Nebula, located roughly 7,600 light-years away. The image shows emerging stellar nurseries and individual stars that were previously hidden from sight. This scene was one of the first full-color images revealed from Webb in July 2022, demonstrating the telescope’s ability to peer through cosmic dust and shed new light on how stars form. The other stamp, a Priority Mail stamp, features an image of the Pillars of Creation captured by Webb’s MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument). Webb’s look at this familiar landscape, which was first made famous by NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, shows pillars flush with gas and dust, enshrouding stars that are slowly forming over many millennia. The Pillars of Creation is set within the vast Eagle Nebula, which lies 6,500 light-years away. These new stamps join a Forever stamp issued by the U.S. Postal Service in 2022, featuring an artist’s digital illustration of Webb against a background of stars. The U.S. Postal Service stamps honor Webb’s achievements as it continues its mission to explore the unknown in our universe and study every phase in cosmic history. Webb has already pulled back the curtain on some of the farthest galaxies, stars, and black holes ever observed; solved a longstanding mystery about the early universe; given us a more detailed look at the atmospheres of planets outside our solar system than ever before; and offered new views and insights into our own cosmic backyard.

Researchers analyzing images from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope have found that galaxies in the early universe are often flat and elongated, like surfboards and pool noodles – and are rarely round, like volleyballs or frisbees. “Roughly 50 to 80% of the galaxies we studied appear to be flattened in two dimensions,” explained lead author Viraj Pandya, a NASA Hubble Fellow at Columbia University in New York. “Galaxies that look like pool noodles or surfboards seem to be very common in the early universe, which is surprising, since they are uncommon nearby.” The team focused on a vast field of near-infrared images delivered by Webb, known as the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) Survey, plucking out galaxies that are estimated to exist when the universe was 600 million to 6 billion years old. While most distant galaxies look like surfboards and pool noodles, others are shaped like frisbees and volleyballs. The “volleyballs,” or sphere-shaped galaxies, appear the most compact type on the cosmic “ocean” and were also the least frequently identified. The frisbees were found to be as large as the surfboard- and pool noodle-shaped galaxies along the “horizon,” but become more common closer to “shore” in the nearby universe. (Compare them in this illustration.) Which category would our Milky Way galaxy fall into if we were able to wind the clock back by billions of years? “Our best guess is that it might have appeared more like a surfboard,” said co-author Haowen Zhang, a PhD candidate at the University of Arizona in Tucson. This hypothesis is based partly on new evidence from Webb – theorists have “wound back the clock” to estimate the Milky Way’s mass billions of years ago, which correlates with shape at that time. These distant galaxies are also far less massive than nearby spirals and ellipticals – they are precursors to more massive galaxies like our own. “In the early universe, galaxies had had far less time to grow,” said Kartheik Iyer, a co-author and NASA Hubble Fellow also at Columbia University. “Identifying additional categories for early galaxies is exciting – there’s a lot more to analyze now. We can now study how galaxies’ shapes relate to how they look and better project how they formed in much more detail.” Webb’s sensitivity, high-resolution images, and specialization in infrared light allowed the team to make quick work of characterizing many CEERS galaxies, and model their 3D geometries. Pandya also says their work wouldn’t be possible without the extensive research astronomers have done using NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. For decades, Hubble has wowed us with images of some of the earliest galaxies, beginning with its first “deep field” in 1995 and continuing with a seminal survey known as Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey. Deep sky surveys like these led to far greater statistics, leading astronomers to create robust 3D models of distant galaxies over all of cosmic time. Today, Webb is helping to enhance these efforts, adding a bounty of distant galaxies beyond Hubble’s reach and revealing the early universe in far greater detail than previously possible. Webb’s images of the early universe have acted like an ocean swell – delivering new waves of evidence. “Hubble has long showed an excess of elongated galaxies,” explained co-author Marc Huertas-Company, a faculty research scientist at the Institute of Astrophysics on the Canary Islands. But researchers still wondered: Would additional detail show up better with sensitivity to infrared light? “Webb confirmed that Hubble didn’t miss any additional features in the galaxies they both observed. Plus, Webb showed us many more distant galaxies with similar shapes, all in great detail.” There are still gaps in our knowledge – researchers not only need an even larger sample size from Webb to further refine the properties and precise locations of distant galaxies, they will also need to spend ample time tweaking and updating their models to better reflect the precise geometries of distant galaxies. “These are early results,” said co-author Elizabeth McGrath, an associate professor at Colby College in Waterville, Maine. “We need to delve more deeply into the data to figure out what’s going on, but we’re very excited about these early trends.” The James Webb Space Telescope is the world’s premier space science observatory. Webb is solving mysteries in our solar system, looking beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probing the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international program led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency) and the Canadian Space Agency.

James Webb - Planet Uranus - NASA

James Webb Update for December 18 2023

The latest image from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope shows a portion of the dense center of our galaxy in unprecedented detail, including never-before-seen features astronomers have yet to explain. The star-forming region, named Sagittarius C (Sgr C), is about 300 light-years from the Milky Way’s central supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*. Amid the estimated 500,000 stars in the image is a cluster of protostars – stars that are still forming and gaining mass – producing outflows that glow like a bonfire in the midst of an infrared-dark cloud. At the heart of this young cluster is a previously known, massive protostar over 30 times the mass of our Sun. The cloud the protostars are emerging from is so dense that the light from stars behind it cannot reach Webb, making it appear less crowded when in fact it is one of the most densely packed areas of the image. Smaller infrared-dark clouds dot the image, looking like holes in the starfield. That’s where future stars are forming. Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) instrument also captured large-scale emission from ionized hydrogen surrounding the lower side of the dark cloud, shown cyan-colored in the image. Typically, Crowe says, this is the result of energetic photons being emitted by young massive stars, but the vast extent of the region shown by Webb is something of a surprise that bears further investigation. Another feature of the region that Crowe plans to examine further is the needle-like structures in the ionized hydrogen, which appear oriented chaotically in many directions. “The galactic center is a crowded, tumultuous place. There are turbulent, magnetized gas clouds that are forming stars, which then impact the surrounding gas with their outflowing winds, jets, and radiation,” said Rubén Fedriani, a co-investigator of the project at the Instituto Astrofísica de Andalucía in Spain. “Webb has provided us with a ton of data on this extreme environment, and we are just starting to dig into it.” Around 25,000 light-years from Earth, the galactic center is close enough to study individual stars with the Webb telescope, allowing astronomers to gather unprecedented information on how stars form, and how this process may depend on the cosmic environment, especially compared to other regions of the galaxy. For example, are more massive stars formed in the center of the Milky Way, as opposed to the edges of its spiral arms? “The image from Webb is stunning, and the science we will get from it is even better,” Crowe said. “Massive stars are factories that produce heavy elements in their nuclear cores, so understanding them better is like learning the origin story of much of the universe.”

The Crab Nebula Seen in New Light by NASA’s Webb and Exquisite, never-before-seen details help unravel the supernova remnant’s puzzling history. From the NASA Webb Telescope Team And for October 30, 2023 NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has gazed at the Crab Nebula, a supernova remnant located 6,500 light-years away in the constellation Taurus. Since the recording of this energetic event in 1054 CE by 11th-century astronomers, the Crab Nebula has continued to draw attention and additional study as scientists seek to understand the conditions, behavior, and after-effects of supernovae through thorough study of the Crab, a relatively nearby example. Using Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) and MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument), a team led by Tea Temim at Princeton University is searching for answers about the Crab Nebula’s origins. “Webb’s sensitivity and spatial resolution allow us to accurately determine the composition of the ejected material, particularly the content of iron and nickel, which may reveal what type of explosion produced the Crab Nebula,” explained Temim. At first glance, the general shape of the supernova remnant is similar to the optical wavelength image released in 2005 from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope: In Webb’s infrared observation, a crisp, cage-like structure of fluffy gaseous filaments are shown in red-orange. However, in the central regions, emission from dust grains (yellow-white and green) is mapped out by Webb for the first time. Additional aspects of the inner workings of the Crab Nebula become more prominent and are seen in greater detail in the infrared light captured by Webb. In particular, Webb highlights what is known as synchrotron radiation: emission produced from charged particles, like electrons, moving around magnetic field lines at relativistic speeds. The radiation appears here as milky smoke-like material throughout the majority of the Crab Nebula’s interior. This feature is a product of the nebula’s pulsar, a rapidly rotating neutron star. The pulsar’s strong magnetic field accelerates particles to extremely high speeds and causes them to emit radiation as they wind around magnetic field lines. Though emitted across the electromagnetic spectrum, the synchrotron radiation is seen in unprecedented detail with Webb’s NIRCam instrument. To locate the Crab Nebula’s pulsar heart, trace the wisps that follow a circular ripple-like pattern in the middle to the bright white dot in the center. Farther out from the core, follow the thin white ribbons of the radiation. The curvy wisps are closely grouped together, outlining the structure of the pulsar’s magnetic field, which sculpts and shapes the nebula. At center left and right, the white material curves sharply inward from the filamentary dust cage’s edges and goes toward the neutron star’s location, as if the waist of the nebula is pinched. This abrupt slimming may be caused by the confinement of the supernova wind’s expansion by a belt of dense gas. The wind produced by the pulsar heart continues to push the shell of gas and dust outward at a rapid pace. Among the remnant’s interior, yellow-white and green mottled filaments form large-scale loop-like structures, which represent areas where dust grains reside. The search for answers about the Crab Nebula’s past continues as astronomers further analyze the Webb data and consult previous observations of the remnant taken by other telescopes. Scientists will have newer Hubble data to review within the next year or so from the telescope’s reimaging of the supernova remnant. This will mark Hubble’s first look at emission lines from the Crab Nebula in over 20 years, and will enable astronomers to more accurately compare Webb and Hubble’s findings. Learn More: Crab Nebula Want to learn more? Through NASA’s Universe of Learning, part of NASA’s Science Activation program, explore images of the Crab Nebula from other telescopes, a 3D visualization, data sonification, and hands-on activities. These resources and more information about supernova remnants and star lifecycles can be found at NASA’s Universe of Learning. The James Webb Space Telescope is the world’s premier space science observatory. Webb is solving mysteries in our solar system, looking beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probing the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international program led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency) and the Canadian Space Agency. NASA’s Universe of Learning materials are based upon work supported by NASA under cooperative agreement award number NNX16AC65A to the Space Telescope Science Institute, working in partnership with Caltech/IPAC, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, and Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Webb’s study of the second-brightest gamma-ray burst ever seen reveals tellurium.A team of scientists has used multiple space and ground-based telescopes, including NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, and NASA’s Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, to observe an exceptionally bright gamma-ray burst, GRB 230307A, and identify the neutron star merger that generated an explosion that created the burst. Webb also helped scientists detect the chemical element tellurium in the explosion’s aftermath.Image: Gamma-Ray Burst 230307AThis image from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) instrument highlights Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) 230307A and its associated kilonova, as well as its former home galaxy, among their local environment of other galaxies and foreground stars. The GRB likely was powered by the merger of two neutron stars. The neutron stars were kicked out of their home galaxy and traveled the distance of about 120,000 light-years, approximately the diameter of the Milky Way galaxy, before finally merging several hundred million years later. Image: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, A. Levan (Radboud University and University of Warwick). Other elements near tellurium on the periodic table – like iodine, which is needed for much of life on Earth – are also likely to be present among the kilonova’s ejected material. A kilonova is an explosion produced by a neutron star merging with either a black hole or with another neutron star.“Just over 150 years since Dmitri Mendeleev wrote down the periodic table of elements, we are now finally in the position to start filling in those last blanks of understanding where everything was made, thanks to Webb,” said Andrew Levan of Radboud University in the Netherlands and the University of Warwick in the UK, lead author of the study.While neutron star mergers have long been theorized as being the ideal “pressure cookers” to create some of the rarer elements substantially heavier than iron, astronomers have previously encountered a few obstacles in obtaining solid evidence.Long Gamma-Ray BurstKilonovae are extremely rare, making it difficult to observe these events. Short gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), traditionally thought to be those that last less than two seconds, can be byproducts of these infrequent merger episodes. (In contrast, long gamma-ray bursts may last several minutes and are usually associated with the explosive death of a massive star.)The case of GRB 230307A is particularly remarkable. First detected by Fermi in March, it is the second brightest GRB observed in over 50 years of observations, about 1,000 times brighter than a typical gamma-ray burst that Fermi observes. It also lasted for 200 seconds, placing it firmly in the category of long duration gamma-ray bursts, despite its different origin.“This burst is way into the long category. It’s not near the border. But it seems to be coming from a merging neutron star,” added Eric Burns, a co-author of the paper and member of the Fermi team at Louisiana State University.Opportunity: Telescope CollaborationThe collaboration of many telescopes on the ground and in space allowed scientists to piece together a wealth of information about this event as soon as the burst was first detected. It is an example of how satellites and telescopes work together to witness changes in the universe as they unfold. After the first detection, an intensive series of observations from the ground and from space, including with Swift, swung into action to pinpoint the source on the sky and track how its brightness changed. These observations in the gamma-ray, X-ray, optical, infrared, and radio showed that the optical/infrared counterpart was faint, evolved quickly, and became very red – the hallmarks of a kilonova.“This type of explosion is very rapid, with the material in the explosion also expanding swiftly,” said Om Sharan Salafia, a co-author of the study at the INAF – Brera Astronomical Observatory in Italy. “As the whole cloud expands, the material cools off quickly and the peak of its light becomes visible in infrared, and becomes redder on timescales of days to weeks.”Image: Killanova – Webb vs ModelThis graphic presentation compares the spectral data of GRB 230307A’s kilonova as observed by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope and a kilonova model. Both show a distinct peak in the region of the spectrum associated with tellurium, with the area shaded in red. The detection of tellurium, which is rarer than platinum on Earth, marks Webb’s first direct look at an individual heavy element from a kilonova. Illustration: NASA, ESA, CSA, Joseph Olmsted (STScI). At later times it would have been impossible to study this kilonova from the ground, but these were the perfect conditions for Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) and NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph) instruments to observe this tumultuous environment. The spectrum has broad lines that show the material is ejected at high speeds, but one feature is clear: light emitted by tellurium, an element rarer than platinum on Earth.The highly sensitive infrared capabilities of Webb helped scientists identify the home address of the two neutron stars that created the kilonova: a spiral galaxy about 120,000 light-years away from the site of the merger.Prior to their venture, they were once two normal massive stars that formed a binary system in their home spiral galaxy. Since the duo was gravitationally bound, both stars were launched together on two separate occasions: when one among the pair exploded as a supernova and became a neutron star, and when the other star followed suit.In this case, the neutron stars remained as a binary system despite two explosive jolts and were kicked out of their home galaxy. The pair traveled approximately the equivalent of the Milky Way galaxy’s diameter before merging several hundred million years later.Scientists expect to find even more kilonovae in the future due to the increasing opportunities to have space and ground-based telescopes work in complementary ways to study changes in the universe. For example, while Webb can peer deeper into space than ever before, the remarkable field of view of NASA’s upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will enable astronomers to scout where and how frequently these explosions occur.“Webb provides a phenomenal boost and may find even heavier elements,” said Ben Gompertz, a co-author of the study at the University of Birmingham in the UK. “As we get more frequent observations, the models will improve and the spectrum may evolve more in time. Webb has certainly opened the door to do a lot more, and its abilities will be completely transformative for our understanding of the universe.”These findings have been published in the journal Nature.The James Webb Space Telescope is the world’s premier space science observatory. Webb is solving mysteries in our solar system, looking beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probing the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international program led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency) and the Canadian Space Agency.

James Webb Space Telescope Podcast OutlineEpisode 1: Introduction to the James Webb Space Telescope What is the James Webb Space Telescope? Why is it so important? What are its goals? How does it work? What kind of discoveries can we expect from it? Episode 2: The Latest News and Discoveries from the James Webb Space Telescope What are the latest images and data from the James Webb Space Telescope? What have we learned about the universe so far? What are some of the most exciting discoveries yet to come? Episode 3: The James Webb Space Telescope and the Search for Exoplanets What are exoplanets? How can the James Webb Space Telescope help us find and study them? What are some of the most promising exoplanet candidates? Could the James Webb Space Telescope help us find evidence of life beyond Earth? Episode 4: The James Webb Space Telescope and the Early Universe What can the James Webb Space Telescope tell us about the early universe? How did the first stars and galaxies form? What role did dark matter and dark energy play in the evolution of the universe? Episode 5: The James Webb Space Telescope and the Future of Astronomy How will the James Webb Space Telescope change the way we study the universe? What are some of the most exciting scientific questions that it could answer? What can we expect from the next generation of space telescopes? Episode 6: The James Webb Space Telescope and the Public How can the public get involved with the James Webb Space Telescope? Where can you find images, data, and other information about the telescope? How can you talk to scientists and engineers who are working on the project? Episode 7: The James Webb Space Telescope and the Future of Space Exploration What role will the James Webb Space Telescope play in future space exploration missions? How can it help us prepare for human missions to Mars and beyond? What are the ethical implications of the James Webb Space Telescope and other powerful space telescopes? Episode 8: The James Webb Space Telescope and Our Place in the Universe What can the James Webb Space Telescope teach us about our place in the universe? Are we alone? What is our future as a spacefaring species?

Welcome to The James Webb Space Telescope, a podcast about the most powerful telescope ever built. I'm your host, and in today's episode, we're talking about how the public can get involved with the James Webb Space Telescope. There are many ways for the public to get involved with the James Webb Space Telescope. One way is to follow the telescope's social media accounts. The James Webb Space Telescope has a presence on Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube. On these platforms, you can find the latest news and updates about the telescope, as well as images, videos, and other educational resources. Another way to get involved is to participate in citizen science projects. Citizen science projects are research projects that rely on the participation of volunteers to collect and analyze data. There are a number of citizen science projects that are related to the James Webb Space Telescope. For example, the Galaxy Zoo project is a citizen science project that allows volunteers to classify galaxies from images taken by the James Webb Space Telescope. If you would like to learn more about the James Webb Space Telescope, you can also visit the telescope's website. The James Webb Space Telescope website has a wealth of information about the telescope, its mission, and its science goals. You can also find images, data, and other resources on the website. Finally, if you're interested in talking to scientists and engineers who are working on the James Webb Space Telescope, you can attend public events or participate in online Q&A sessions. The James Webb Space Telescope team often hosts public events and online Q&A sessions to share information about the telescope and answer questions from the public. You can find information about upcoming public events and online Q&A sessions on the James Webb Space Telescope website. I hope this episode has given you some ideas about how you can get involved with the James Webb Space Telescope. The James Webb Space Telescope is a truly amazing telescope, and it's an exciting time to be involved in the project. Reminder: Please like, comment, and subscribe to The James Webb Space Telescope podcast so you never miss an episode!

Welcome to The James Webb Space Telescope podcast. I'm your host. Today, we're going to talk about the James Webb Space Telescope and the future of astronomy. This revolutionary telescope is set to launch later this year, and it has the potential to change the way we study the universe. How will the James Webb Space Telescope change the way we study the universe? The James Webb Space Telescope is the most powerful telescope ever built. It is much larger and more sensitive than the Hubble Space Telescope, and it will be able to see objects that are too faint and distant for Hubble to see. Webb will also be able to see in infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye. This will allow it to see through the dust and gas that obscure objects in visible light. As a result of these capabilities, Webb will be able to: Study the first galaxies and stars that formed after the Big Bang Look for exoplanets and study their atmospheres Observe the formation and evolution of stars and planetary systems Study the dark matter and dark energy that make up most of the universe What are some of the most exciting scientific questions that it could answer? The James Webb Space Telescope could answer some of the most fundamental questions about the universe, such as: How did the first galaxies and stars form? What are the conditions necessary for life to arise on other planets? What is the nature of dark matter and dark energy? Webb could also make unexpected discoveries that we can't even imagine yet. What can we expect from the next generation of space telescopes? The James Webb Space Telescope is just the beginning of a new era of space exploration. The next generation of space telescopes will be even more powerful and sophisticated, and they will allow us to see the universe in even greater detail. For example, the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope is scheduled to launch in 2027. It will be able to map millions of galaxies and study dark matter and dark energy. The Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope is another next-generation telescope that is scheduled to launch in 2025. It will be able to study the evolution of galaxies and search for exoplanets. These are just a few examples of the next generation of space telescopes that are currently in development. These telescopes will allow us to learn more about the universe than ever before. The James Webb Space Telescope is a revolutionary telescope that has the potential to change the way we study the universe. It is just the beginning of a new era of space exploration, and we can expect to see even more amazing discoveries in the years to come. Please like, comment, and subscribe to The James Webb Space Telescope podcast to never miss an episode.

The James Webb Space Telescope and the Early Universe Welcome to The James Webb Space Telescope podcast, where we explore the latest discoveries from the world's most powerful telescope. In today's episode, we're going to be talking about the early universe, and how the James Webb Space Telescope is helping us to understand this mysterious time period. The James Webb Space Telescope is a powerful infrared telescope that can see the light from the very first stars and galaxies that formed in the universe. This is because infrared light is less affected by the expansion of the universe than visible light, so it can travel longer distances without being stretched out. The James Webb Space Telescope can also see through dust and gas, which is important for studying the early universe, because the first galaxies were surrounded by clouds of dust and gas. By studying the early universe in infrared light, the James Webb Space Telescope is helping us to answer some of the most fundamental questions about our universe, such as: How did the first stars and galaxies form? What role did dark matter and dark energy play in the evolution of the universe? The first stars and galaxies formed in the early universe, about 13.8 billion years ago, after the Big Bang. The Big Bang was a massive explosion that created all of the matter and energy in the universe. After the Big Bang, the universe was very hot and dense, but it quickly expanded and cooled. As the universe expanded, gravity began to pull clumps of matter together. These clumps of matter eventually became the first stars and galaxies. The first stars were very different from the stars that we see today. They were much larger and hotter, and they lived for much shorter periods of time. The first stars played an important role in the evolution of the universe. They produced the first heavy elements, such as carbon and oxygen, which are essential for life. The first stars also helped to ionize the gas in the universe, which made it possible for galaxies to form. Dark matter and dark energy are two of the most mysterious substances in the universe. Dark matter is a type of matter that we cannot see directly, but we know it exists because of its gravitational effects on visible matter. Dark energy is a force that is causing the universe to expand at an accelerating rate. Dark matter and dark energy played an important role in the evolution of the universe. Dark matter helped to seed the formation of the first stars and galaxies. Dark energy is causing the universe to expand at an accelerating rate, which is pulling galaxies apart. The James Webb Space Telescope is a powerful new tool that is helping us to understand the early universe. By studying the early universe in infrared light, the James Webb Space Telescope is helping us to answer some of the most fundamental questions about our universe, such as how the first stars and galaxies formed and what role dark matter and dark energy played in the evolution of the universe. Thank you for listening to this episode of The James Webb Space Telescope podcast. If you enjoyed this episode, please like, comment, and subscribe to never miss an episode. And be sure to share this podcast with your friends and family.

Welcome to The James Webb Telescope podcast. I'm your host. In this episode, we'll be talking about the James Webb Space Telescope and its role in the search for exoplanets. What are exoplanets? Exoplanets are planets that orbit stars other than our Sun. Scientists have discovered thousands of exoplanets in recent years, and they believe that there may be billions of them in our galaxy alone. How can the James Webb Space Telescope help us find and study exoplanets? The James Webb Space Telescope is the most powerful telescope ever built. It has a much sharper vision than any previous telescope, and it can see in infrared light, which allows it to study exoplanets that are too faint to be seen in visible light. The Webb telescope can help us find exoplanets by looking for dips in the light from a star as a planet passes in front of it. This is called the transit method. The Webb telescope can also help us study the atmospheres of exoplanets by looking for the light that is reflected off of them. This is called spectroscopy. What are some of the most promising exoplanet candidates? Some of the most promising exoplanet candidates for study with the James Webb Space Telescope include: TRAPPIST-1e: This planet is one of seven Earth-sized planets that orbit a nearby star. It is the only planet in the system that is thought to be in the habitable zone, where liquid water could exist on its surface. Proxima b: This planet is the closest known exoplanet to Earth. It orbits a red dwarf star called Proxima Centauri, which is only four light-years away. GJ 1214 b: This planet is a "mini-Neptune," meaning that it is smaller than Neptune but larger than Earth. It has a thick atmosphere that is thought to be mostly water vapor. Could the James Webb Space Telescope help us find evidence of life beyond Earth? The James Webb Space Telescope has the potential to help us find evidence of life beyond Earth by studying the atmospheres of exoplanets for signs of molecules that are associated with life, such as methane and oxygen. However, it is important to note that finding life on an exoplanet is a very challenging task. The James Webb Space Telescope is a powerful telescope, but it is not powerful enough to see individual organisms on exoplanets. Instead, it will need to look for indirect signs of life, such as the presence of biosignature gases in the atmosphere. The James Webb Space Telescope is a powerful new tool for the search for exoplanets. It has the potential to help us find new exoplanets, study their atmospheres, and look for signs of life beyond Earth. I encourage you to stay tuned for future episodes of The James Webb Telescope podcast, where we will continue to explore the amazing discoveries that this telescope is making. Like, comment, and subscribe to never miss an episode!

Welcome back to The James Webb Telescope podcast. I'm your host. In this episode, we're going to talk about the latest news and discoveries from the James Webb Space Telescope. Webb is still in its early days of operation, but it has already made some incredible discoveries. One of the most exciting discoveries so far is the image of the deepest and sharpest infrared image of the distant universe to date. This image, known as Webb's First Deep Field, shows galaxies that existed just 600 million years after the Big Bang. This is the deepest and sharpest infrared image of the distant universe to date. Webb has also made some exciting discoveries about exoplanets. Exoplanets are planets that orbit other stars. Webb has detected water vapor in the atmosphere of an exoplanet for the first time. This discovery is a major step forward in the search for life beyond Earth. In addition to these specific discoveries, Webb has also given us a new understanding of the universe as a whole. Webb's images have shown us that the universe is more dynamic and complex than we ever imagined. What are some of the most exciting discoveries yet to come? Webb is still in its early days of operation, so it's hard to say for sure what the most exciting discoveries yet to come are. However, here are a few possibilities: Webb could discover new exoplanets, including some that are potentially habitable. Webb could learn more about the atmospheres of exoplanets, and search for signs of life. Webb could study the first stars and galaxies that formed after the Big Bang. Webb could study the evolution of galaxies and the formation of stars and planets. Webb is a powerful telescope, and it has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the universe. I'm excited to see what Webb discovers in the years to come. That's it for this episode of The James Webb Telescope podcast. Thank you for listening. Like, comment, and subscribe to never miss an episode!

Welcome to The James Webb Space Telescope Podcast Introduction Episode. The James Webb Telescope is a space telescope specifically designed to conduct infrared astronomy. It is the largest and most powerful telescope ever built, and it is the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. Webb was launched on December 25, 2021, and it reached its final orbit around the Sun in January 2022. Webb is so important because it will allow us to see the universe in a whole new light. Infrared light is able to penetrate dust and gas clouds that obscure our view of the universe in visible light. This means that Webb will be able to see objects that are too old, distant, or faint for Hubble to see. Webb's goals include: Studying the first stars and galaxies that formed after the Big Bang Looking for exoplanets and other worlds beyond our solar system Studying the atmospheres of exoplanets to search for signs of life Studying the evolution of galaxies and the formation of stars and planets We can expect to see many amazing discoveries from the James Webb Space Telescope. Webb will be able to see the universe in more detail than ever before, and it will help us to answer some of the most fundamental questions about our place in the cosmos. That's it for our introduction to the James Webb Space Telescope Podcast. I hope you enjoyed learning more about this incredible telescope. Stay tuned for future episodes, where we will explore the latest news and discoveries from Webb. More on James Webb Telescope Like, comment, and subscribe to never miss an episode!