Joan of Arc   Born 6 January, c. 1412[1]Domrémy,      Joan of Arc        nicknamed "The Maid of Orléans" (French: La Pucelle d'Orléans), is considered a heroine of France and a Roman Catholic saint.    Joan was the daughter of Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle Romée[23] in Domrémy, a village which was then in the French part of the duchy of Bar.[24] Joan's parents owned about 50 acres (20 hectares) of land and her father supplemented his farming work with a minor position as a village official,    She later testified that she experienced her first vision in 1425 at the age of 13, when she was in her "father's garden"[26] and saw visions of figures she identified as Saint Michael, Saint Catherine, and Saint Margaret, who told her to drive out the English and bring the Dauphin to Reims for his coronation       In 1418, Paris was taken by the Burgundians, who massacred the Count of Armagnac and about 2,500 of his followers.[16] The future French king,Charles VII, assumed the title of Dauphin – the heir to the throne – at the age of fourteen, after all four of his older brothers had died in succession.[1           "... the Maiden lets you know that here, in eight days, she has chased the English out of all the places they held on the river Loire by attack or other means: they are dead or prisoners or discouraged in battle.    The sudden victory at Orléans also led to many proposals for further offensive action. Joan persuaded Charles VII to allow her to accompany the army with Duke John II of Alençon, and she gained royal permission for her plan to recapture nearby bridges along the Loire as a prelude to an advance on Reims and the coronation of Charles VII.      Joan Arc song CBBC: Horrible Histories - Joan of Arc Song - YouTube         Boudica Died circa AD 60 or 61, Britannia   Boudica was a striking looking woman. - "She was very tall, the glance of her eye most fierce; her voice harsh. A great mass of the reddest hair fell down to her hips. Her appearance was terrifying     Boudica's husband Prasutagus was ruler of the Iceni tribe. He ruled as a nominally independent ally of Rome and left his kingdom       when he died  Boudica was flogged, her daughters were raped, and Roman financiers called in their loans.           In 60 or 61 AD, while the Roman governor Gaius Suetonius Paullinus was leading a campaign in North Wales, the Iceni rebelled. Members of other tribes joined them   The Iceni warriors managed to destroy Camulodunum (Colchester) they also defeated the Roman IX Legion. Hearing the news, Paullinus rushed back from Wales and set about evacuating Londinium (London). He guessed (correctly) that it would be the Britons next target. Boudicca and her army destroyed Londinium and then attacked Verulamium (St Albans), destroying that city too. Some people believe that more than 70,000 people were killed in the attacks on Camulodunum,    The Roman army in Britain regrouped in the Midlands and finally defeated the Britons in the Battle of Watling Street.     Roman cavalry was released which promptly encircled the enemy and began their slaughter from the rear. Seemingly mad with blood lust, Tacitus records that 80,000 Britons; men, women and children, were killed. The Roman losses amounted to 400 dead with a slightly larger number wounded.   Boudica was not killed in the battle but took poison rather than be taken alive by the Romans.   Alfred Lord Tennyson, the Victorian poet, wrote a poem called Boadicea, and Prince Albert commissioned Thomas Thornycroft to create a statue of Boudicca and her daughters riding a war chariot. The sculpture was finished in 1905 and it is situated close to the Houses of Parliament and Westminster Bridge. Boud Horrible Histories - Boudicca - YouTube     Eva Perón   Born out of wedlock, Eva, commonly known as Evita, left school when she was 16 and went to Buenos Aires to pursue her dream of becoming a star.     Juan Duarte, a wealthy rancher from nearbyChivilcoy, already had a wife and family there. During this time period in rural Argentina, it was not uncommon to see a wealthy male with multiple families.[13] However, the lack of legitimacy for Juana and her children would still leave them stigmatized and rejected. Referred to as "bastards", the family was somewhat isolated     Soon after, Juana moved her children to a one-room apartment in Junín. To pay the rent on their single-roomed home, mother and daughters took up jobs as cooks in the houses of the localestancias.    In 1934, at the age of 15, Eva escaped her poverty-stricken village when, according to popular myth, she ran off with a young musician to the nation's capital of Buenos Aires.     She found a job on one of the radio stations and remained there until, in 1943, she met Juan Peron, the Secretary of Labour and Social Welfare, who had ambitions to be president, and was working with the Argentine workers to support this bid       Peron stood in the presidential elections in 1946 and Evita was an active campaigner by his side, an unprecedented occurrence in Argentine politics.       On 21 October 1945, Evita and Juan were married.   Peron was duly elected and Evita CONTINUED to play an active role. She kept her promise to the working classes and took such an interest that, in everything but name, she became the Secretary of Labour, supporting higher wages and greater social welfare benefits.     Cleopatra   (presumably) Born 69 BCAlexandria, Egypt Died 12 August 30 BC (aged 39)Alexandria, Egypt Cleopatra was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, a family of Macedonian Greek[2] origin that ruled Egypt afterAlexander the Great's death    Ptolemy XII died in March 51 BC, thus by his will making the 18-year-old Cleopatra and her brother, the 10-year-old Ptolemy XIII joint monarchs. The first three years of their reign were difficult, due to economic failures, famine, deficient floods of the Nile, and political conflicts. Although Cleopatra was married to her young brother, she quickly made it clear that she had no intention of SHARING power with him     Cleopatra dropped Ptolemy's name from official documents and her face appeared alone on coins, which went against Ptolemaic tradition of female rulers being subordinate to male co-rulers. In 50 BC Cleopatra came into a serious conflict with the Gabiniani, p        Cleopatra's younger brother Ptolemy XIII became sole ruler.[11] She tried to raise a rebellion around Pelusium, but was soon forced to flee with her only remaining sister,Arsinoë.[12]     Eager to take advantage of Julius Caesar's anger toward Ptolemy, Cleopatra had herself smuggled secretly into the palace to meet with Caesar.   Caesar restored Cleopatra to her throne, with another younger brother Ptolemy XIV as her new co-ruler.[17][18 She became Caesar’s mistress, and nine months after their first meeting, in 47 BC, Cleopatra gave birth to their son, Ptolemy Caesar, nicknamed Caesarion, which means "little Caesar."         Horrible Histories Awful Egyptians: Cleopatra's beauty regime. "Historical Hospital": Dr Isis - YouTube   Caesar Special_News of the Roman Empire World - YouTube Horrible Histories Julius Caesar' Romeover, Bob Hale's Roman Britain Report - YouTube

next saturday good epsiode i  think Taj Mahal   Commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan to house the tomb of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal, the Taj Mahal stands on the southern bank of the Yamuna River. The mausoleum is widely recognized as "the jewel of Muslim art in India" and remains as one of the world’s most celebrated structures and a symbol of India’s rich history.[6]       , Mumtaz Mahal,                                           Mughal emperor Shah Jahan         Shah Jahan promoted the use of white marble inlaid with semi-precious stones, and buildings under his patronage reached new levels of refinement.[22]   Great site with vedeo worth seeing The Taj Mahal - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com       Sphinx   The largest and most famous sphinx is the Great Sphinx of Giza, situated at theGiza Plateau adjacent to the Great Pyramids of Giza on the west bank of theNile River and facing due east (  WikiMiniAtlas   29°58′31″N 31°08′15″E). The sphinx is located to the east of and below the pyramids       The Sphinx was carved from the bedrock of the Giza plateau, a single ridge of limestone that is 73 meters long and 20 meters high. It was only in 1905 when the sand was cleared away to expose the full body of the Sphinx, before that, the Sphinx was covered in sand.   he missing nose; It was first believe that the Sphinx lost its nose to Napoleons men, but 18th century drawings reveal that the nose of the Sphinx was missing before Napoleon’s arrival, it is believed that the nose of the Sphinx was shot off by the Turks.  Urban Myth  there were pics of sphinx before he came  without noise   The Sphinx is oriented due east facing the rising sun near the 30th parallel. There are three passages into or under the Sphinx, the “Tomb of Osiris” is one of the most incredible discoveries linked to the Sphinx, located 95 feet below the surface behind the back of the Sphinx. It is believed to be the resting place of Egyptian God Osiris.       Eiffel Tower      Erected in 1889 as the entrance arch to the 1889 World's Fair, it was initially criticised by some of France's leading artists and intellectuals for its design, but has become both a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world.[1] The tower is the tallest structure in Paris and the most-visited paid monument in the world; 6.98 million people ascended it in 2011.[2] The tower received its 250 millionth visitor in 2010.[2]   Gustave Eiffel                                                                                The projected tower had been a subject of some controversy, attracting criticism from both those who did not believe that it was feasible and those who objected on artistic grounds,  Gustave Eiffel responded to these criticisms by comparing his tower to the Egyptian Pyramids: "My tower will be the tallest edifice ever erected by man. Will it not also be grandiose in its way? And why would something admirable in Egypt become hideous and ridiculous in Paris?   When construction of the tower began on the Champs de Mars, a group of 300 artists, sculptors, writers and architects sent a petition " that would dominate Paris like a "gigantic black smokestack."     Gustave Eiffel used latticed wrought iron to construct the tower to demonstrate that the metal could be as strong as stone while being lighter. Gustave Eiffel also created the internal frame for the Statue of Liberty. Construction of the Eiffel Tower cost 7,799,401.31 French gold francs in 1889.   The Eiffel Tower has 108 stories, with 1,710 steps. However, visitors can only climb stairs to the first platform. There are two elevators. One elevator travels a total distance of 64,001 miles (103,000 kilometers) a year. top moves as much as 7 inches (18 centimeters) away from the sun. The sun also causes the tower to grow about 6 inches.   Look site with video  Eiffel Tower - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com     Christ the Redeemer      created by French sculptor Paul Landowski and built by the Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, in collaboration with the French engineer Albert Caquot. It is 30 metres (98 ft) tall, not including its 8-metre (26 ft) pedestal, and its arms stretch 28 metres (92 ft) wide.[1] The statue weighs 635 metric tons (625 long, 700 short tons), and is located at the peak of the 700-metre (2,300 ft) Corcovado mountain in the Tijuca Forest National Park overlooking the city of Rio   The statue was constructed in France because it was thought that at the time, the workers would not be capable of building a masterpiece such as this. It was transported, piece by piece, to Rio de Janeiro; the head alone is made up of 50 individual parts.    Portugal has its own replica of Christ the Redeemer in Almada. Built in 1959 and named “Christ the King” (Cristo-Rei), the statue stands 110 meters in height and offers some of the most beautiful views over Lisbon.

next episode  16th march William the Conqueror (c.1028 - c.1087)   Early in 1066, Edward, king of England died and Harold, Earl of Wessex was crowned king. William was furious, claiming that in 1051 Edward, a distant cousin, had promised him the throne and that Harold had later sworn to support that claim.   The first years of William's reign were spent crushing resistance and securing his borders, which he did with ruthless efficiency.    Horrible Histories  How William the Conqueror  came to England Horrible histories battle of Hastings - YouTube The Domesday Book     Based on the Domesday survey of 1085-6, which was drawn up on the orders of King William I, it describes in remarkable detail, the landholdings and resources of late 11th-century England,    Providing definitive proof of rights to land and obligations to tax and military service, its 913 pages and two million Latin words describe more than 13,000 places in England and parts of Wales. Nicknamed the 'Domesday' Book by the native English, after God's final Day of Judgement     Richard the Lionheart   As king, Richard's chief ambition was to join the Third Crusade, prompted by Saladin's capture of Jerusalem in 1187. To finance this, he sold sheriffdoms and other offices and in 1190 he departed for the Holy Land.    Although he came close, Jerusalem, the crusade's main objective, eluded him. Moreover, fierce quarrels among the French, German and English contingents provided further troubles. After a year's stalemate, Richard made a truce with Saladin and started his journey home   Richard the lion heart video Horrible Histories King Richard I - YouTube    Richard, became king. John received titles, lands and money, but this was not enough. In October 1190, Richard recognised his nephew, Arthur, as his heir. Three years later, when Richard was imprisoned in Germany, John tried to seize control. He was unsuccessful and, when Richard returned in early 1194, was banished. The two were soon reconciled and, when Arthur was captured by Philip II in 1196, Richard named John heir   Richard the lion heart death video   Horrible Histories Stupid Deaths Richard The Lion Heart - YouTube    King john In 1199, Richard died and John became king.      his government became increasingly ruthless and efficient in its financial administration. Taxes soared and he began to exploit his feudal rights ever more harshly.   This bred increasing baronial discontent. Negotiations between John and his barons failed and civil war broke out in May 1215. When the rebels seized London, John was compelled to negotiate further and, on 19 June at Runnymede on the River Thames, he accepted the baronial terms embodied in the Magna Carta   King john hoorible histories  Horrible Histories New Song - Epic Magna Carta Rap Battle - CBBC - YouTube   Megna Carta  HH song  Horrible Histories Song NEW! - Magna Carta 800 Years Song - CBBC - YouTube   king John   HH Chatty death Horrible Histories Stupid Deaths: King John I OF England - YouTube

NEXT EPSIODE FEB 24   Accidental Inventions   Crisps George Crum   George Crum (born George Speck;[1] c. 1828 – July 22, 1914)[2] was a mixed-race African/Native American trapper and guide in the Adirondacks, who became renowned for his culinary skills after becoming a cook and restaurant owner in Saratoga Springs, New York. By 1860 he owned Crum's House, a popular lakeside restaurant in nearby Malta.               Hotel chef George Crum enjoyed a wonderful knack for cooking. From his kitchen at Moon's Lake House near Saratoga Springs, N.Y., Mr. Crum could "take anything edible and transform it into a dish fit for a king." That skill came in handy – the upscale Lake House attracted customers who were used to being treated like kings. In 1853, a cranky guest complained about Crum's fried potatoes. They were too thick, he said. Too soggy and bland. The patron demanded a new batch. Crum did not take this well. He decided to play a trick on the diner. The chef sliced a potato paper-thin, fried it until a fork could shatter the thing, and then purposefully over-salted his new creation. The persnickety guest will hate this, he thought. But the plan backfired. The guy loved it! He ordered a second serving.   The first potato chip factory was built in 1895 by William Tappenden in Cleveland, OH. He funded the remodeling of his barn into a factory with the profits he made by delivering potato chips to grocery stores. It takes 1,000 pounds of potatoes to make 350 pounds of potato chips. Pringles are made from mashed potatoes that have been dehydrated and reconstituted into a dough. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbbsbE2mQuA   Super glue   Harry Coover   Super Glue, also known as cyanoacrylate, was originally discovered in 1942 by Dr. Harry Coover, who by the way died last month on March 26th, 2011.  Coover was attempting to make clear plastic gun sights to be put on guns used by Allied soldiers in WWII.  One particular formulation he came up with didn’t work well for gun sights, but worked fantastically as an extremely quick bonding adhesive.     X RAYS   The first X-ray device was discovered accidentally by the German scientist Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923) in 1895. He found that a cathode-ray tube emitted invisible rays that could penetrate paper and wood. The rays caused a screen of fluorescent material several yards away to glow. Roentgen used his device to examine the bone structure of the human hand.      First x ray photo                                                         Wilhelm Röntgen   Upon their discovery in 1895, X-rays were advertised as the new scientific wonder and were seized upon by entertainers. Circus patrons could view their own skeletons and were given pictures of their own bony hands wearing silhouetted jewelry. Many people were fascinated by this discovery. Some people, however, feared that it would allow strangers to look through walls and doors and eliminate privacy.HOW X RAYS WORK SHORT VIDEo X Rays Work - YouTube   MICROWAVE       In 1945, the American engineer, Percy Spencer was carrying out maintenance work on a live radar set. Whilst working within close proximity to the radar equipment, he felt a tingling sensation throughout his body and noticed that a chocolate bar in his pocket had completely melted. After some investigation he determined that it was the microwaves being emitted by the magnetron tube in the radar set which had caused the chocolate to get warm enough to melt. Percy Spencer experimented further by directing the magnetron tube at kernels of corn. Activating the gun resulted in just what he was hoping – the first microwave popcorn. Percy Spencer then went on to build a metal box with an opening on one side and the magnetron tube poking through into another side of it. He used this box to heat his lunches and a variety of other foods he was curious enough to try out. There’s  a story of an occasion where he heated a whole egg in the device which unfortunately resulted in the egg exploding in his colleague’s face. This incident led to the addition of a door to close the box and prevent any further such incidents.    Did you know however that the first microwave ovens were already commercially available way back in 1947? These early appliances known then as RadaRanges cost around $5000 US, weighed approximately 650kg and stood 1.6m tall! TO THIS                KELLOGS CORN FLAKES   If you've never been aroused by the sight of a box of Kellogg's Corn Flakes, then you're probably completely normal and have nothing to worry about. At least according to Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, that is   KELLOGGS BROTHERS    Dr john Kellogg  with his younger brother Keith Kellogg   In the young United States, one of the most ardent anti-masturbaters was a Michigan physician named John Harvey Kellogg. The good doctor was a bit uncomfortable about sex, thinking it detrimental to physical, emotional and spiritual well-being. He personally abstained from it, and never consummated his marriage (and may have actually spent his honeymoon working on one of his anti-sex books). He and his wife kept separate bedrooms and adopted all of their children.   Enter Dr. John Harvey Kellogg. Kellogg was the superintendent of Battle Creek Sanitarium,  This is where Corn Flakes come in. Amongst the various measures that Kellogg resorted to in order to curb passions he relied most heavily upon the vegetarian diet,   Will Keith Kellogg, had accidentally created after toasting some stale cooked wheat. Kellogg believed that this product, that they called “Corn Flakes” acted as an anaphrodisiac, greatly decreasing the sex drives of those who consumed it.  while John held firm in his anti-sweet beliefs. The result was Will’s formation of the Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company in 1906, which went on to become the multi-billion dollar Kellogg Company John Harvey Kellogg spent the rest of his life practicing medicine, treating such notable figures as President William Howard Taft, aviator Amelia Earhart, Nobel prize-winning playwright George Bernard Shaw, founder of Ford Motor Company Henry Ford, and inventor Thomas Edison. Following Freud’s studies in human sexuality, and other studies in human sexual psychology in the first half of the twentieth century, it appears that Kellogg dropped his obsession with the evils of sex, focusing mainly on establishing healthy eating habits with his patients. He died in 1943 at the age of 91. Â

new episiode early feb          Transatlantic crossings         History[edit] Packet ships (1812–1838)[edit] The England, a packet ship of the Black Ball Line The modern era of "liners" was established by the Black Ball Line which began operation in 1818. The packet ships were contracted by governments to carry mail and also carried passengers and timely items such as newspapers. Up till this point there were no regular passages advertised by sailing ships. They arrived at port when they could, dependent on the wind, and left when they were loaded, frequently visiting other ports to complete their cargo       Paddlers     The Sirius is considered the first Blue Riband holder for her 1838 voyage to New York at 8.03 knots (14.87 km/h). In 1843, Great Western recorded a Blue Riband voyage of 10.03 knots (18.58 km/h). In 1832, Junius Smith, American lawyer turned London merchant, published the idea of building a line of transatlantic   Single srew     Single screw steamers (1872–89)[edit] White Star's Adriatic by George Parker Greenwood. She was the first screw liner  to    win the Blue Riband with an 1872 run at 14.65 knots (27.13 km/h)   In 1845, Brunel’s Great Britain became the first iron-hulled screw liner on the Atlantic. Starting in 1850, the Inman Line built numerous reduced versions for the steerage trade      Cunard's Etruria of 1885, averaged 19.56 knots (36.23 km/h) on an 1888 Blue Riband crossing                                                                                 Inman's City of Paris broke 20.01 knots (37.06 km/h) in 1889                                                                                                                                 Double screw  streamers 1887  1907      Cunard's Mauretania held the Blue Riband from 1909 to 1929 at 26.06 knots (48.26 km/h   Cunard White Star's Queen Mary regained the Blue Riband at 30.99 knots (57.39 km/h) in 1938.     The United States won the Blue Riband at 34.51 knots (63.91 km/h) in 1952. Formally, she still holds the title     cables   When the first transatlantic telegraph cable was laid in 1858 by businessman Cyrus West Field, it operated for only three weeks; subsequent attempts in 1865 and 1866 were more successful. Although a telephone cable was discussed starting in the 1920s[citation needed], to be practical it needed a number of technological advances which did not arrive until the 1940s.[citation needed] Starting in 1927, transatlantic telephone service was radio-based.[1] TAT-1 (Transatlantic No. 1) was the first transatlantic telephone cable system. It was laid between Gallanach Bay, near Oban, Scotland and Clarenville, Newfoundland between 1955 and 1956 by the cable ship Monarch.[2] It was inaugurated on September 25, 1956, initially carrying 36 telephone channels. In the first 24 hours of public service there were 588 London–U.S. calls and 119 from London to Canada. The capacity of the cable was soon increased to 48 channels. TAT-1 was finally retired in 1978. Later coaxial cables, installed through the 1970s, used transistors and had higher bandwidth     HMS Agamemnon                                                     vessel Niagara     1. Polyethylene 2. “Mylar” tape 3. Stranded metal (steel) wires 4. Aluminum water barrier 5. Polycarbonate 6. Copper or aluminum tube 7. Petroleum jelly 8. Optical fibers [source]  In March 3013, Scientists working at the University of Southampton discovered a new way to push data using a special hollow fibre optic cable capable of transferring speeds of 73.7 Tbit/s on a single cable. The elimination of glass as a barrier, in combination with improved hollow cables, has helped to nudge speeds up to very impressive levels; in this case, the data packets were being transferred at 99.7% of the speed of light, increasing the data throughput of the cable accordingly.    Atlantic licghts  The idea of transatlantic flight came about with the advent of the balloon. The balloons of the period were inflated with coke gas, a moderate lifting medium compared to hydrogen or helium, but with enough lift to use the winds that would later be known as the Jet Stream. In 1859, John Wise built an enormous aerostat named the Atlantic, intending to cross the Atlantic. The flight lasted less than a day    Atlantic flying from the U.S. to Newfoundland, then to the Azores and on to Portugal and finally the UK. The whole journey took 23 days, with six stops along the way   The possibility of transatlantic flight by aircraft emerged after the First World War, which had seen tremendous advances in aerial capabilities. In April 1913 the London newspaper The Daily Mail offered a prize of £10,000   On 14–15 June 1919, British aviators Alcock and Brown made the first non-stop transatlantic flight.[4] During the War, Alcock resolved to fly the Atlantic, and after the war he approached the Vickers engineering and aviation firm at Weybridge, who had considered entering their Vickers Vimy IV twin-engined bomber in the competition but had not yet found a pilot. Alcock's enthusiasm impressed the Vickers' team and he was appointed as their pilot. Work began on converting the Vimy for the long flight, replacing the bomb carriers with extra petrol tanks.[5] Shortly afterwards Brown, who was unemployed, approached Vickers seeking a post and his knowledge of long distance navigation convinced them to take him on as Alcock's navigator.[6]   Alcock and Brown made the first transatlantic flight in 1919. They took off from St. John's, Newfoundland       Bronw and Alcock taking off newoundland     Alcock and Brown landed in Ireland 1919. Their flight paved the way for commercial transatlantic aviation         Commercial airship flights[edit] Flown picture postcard from the "First North American Flight" of the D-LZ127 (1928) On 11 October 1928, Hugo Eckener, commanding the Graf Zeppelin airship as part of DELAG's operations, began the first non-stop transatlantic passenger flights, leaving Friedrichshafen, Germany, at 07:54 on 11 October 1928, and arriving at NAS Lakehurst, New Jersey, on 15 October.    Between 1931 and 1937 the Graf Zeppelin crossed the South Atlantic 136 times   The Short Mayo Composite project, co-designed by Mayo and Shorts chief designer Arthur Gouge,[21][22] comprised the Short S.21 Maia,[23] (G-ADHK) which was a variant of the Short "C-Class" Empire flying-boat fitted with a trestle or pylon on the top of the fuselage to support the Short S.20 Mercury(G-ADHJ).[23][24] The first successful in-flight separation of the Composite was carried out on 6 February 1938, and the first transatlantic flight was made on 21 July 1938     The Yankee Clipper's inaugural trip across the Atlantic was on June 24, 1939. Its route was from Southampton to Port Washington, New York with intermediate stops at Foynes, Ireland, Botwood, Newfoundland, and Shediac, New Brunswick. Its first passenger flight was on 9 July,             .

Writer and broadcaster Georgi Markov has died of blood poisoning, four days after he said he was stabbed with an umbrella at a London bus stop. Scotland Yard said they are treating his death as suspicious and samples of his blood have been sent to the Porton Down Germ Warfare Centre for examination.       Estimates of world population for various points in history have been a subject of study for many years. Many authoritative sources exist for historical population estimates (e.g. U.S. Census estimates of historical world population). This article lists many of these estimates. Estimates previous to the year 10,000 BC can be made only from archaeological evidence. The last point in which Homo sapiens hit a dangerous low, coming close to extinction, was at approximately 70,000 BC during the Toba catastrophe. The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign estimates human world population (Homo sapiens in Africa) between 1,000 and 10,000 breeding couples.[      http://galen.metapath.org/popclk.html On writting this world pop was 7,106,540,659   Happy days   Happy Days is an American television sitcom that aired first-run from January 15, 1974, to September 24, 1984, on ABC. Created by Garry Marshall, the series presents an idealized vision of life in the mid-1950s to mid-1960s United States.[1] The series was produced by Miller-Milkis Productions (Miller-Milkis-Boyett Productions in later years) and Henderson Productions in association with Paramount Television. Happy Days is one of the highest-rated shows of the 1970s.         Susan B Anthony   Susan Brownell Anthony (February 15, 1820 – March 13, 1906) was an American social reformer who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement. Born into a Quaker family committed to social equality, she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age of 17. In 1856, she became the New York state agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society.

new episoide next week   Out by october 6 th   Bought new computer not nearly as good as my  old one       SEALAND           From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Principality of SealandMicronation Flag Coat of arms Motto: E Mare LibertasFrom the sea, Freedom Anthem: E Mare Libertas by Basil Simonenko Sealand from above Status Current Capital HM Fort Roughs[1] Official languages English[2] Demonym Sealander, Sealandic[3] Organizational structure Oligarchy, Constitutional monarchy  -  Prince Michael[4] Establishment  -  Declared 2 September 1967[5]  Area claimed  -  Total 0.025 km2 (All livable space)[3] 0 sq mi Population  -  estimate 50+ (2013)[6] Claimed GDP (nominal) estimate  -  Total US$600,000  -  Per capita US$22,200[5] Purported Currency Sealand dollar(pegged with the USD)[7] Time zone GMT[8] Websitehttp://www.sealandgov.org The Principality of Sealand is a micronation located in the North Sea. Its mass consists of what was HM Fort Roughs, a former Second World War Maunsell Sea Fort, off the coast of Suffolk, England, United Kingdom.[1][9] While it has been described as the world's smallest country,[10] or the world's smallest nation,[11] Sealand is not recognised by any established sovereign state, although Sealand's government claims it has been de facto recognised by the United Kingdom (after an English court ruled it did not have jurisdiction over Sealand as territorial water limitations were defined at the time)[1] and Germany (see below). Since 1967 the facility has been occupied by family and associates of Paddy Roy Bates, who claim that it is an independent sovereign state.[1] Bates seized it from a group of pirate radio broadcasters in 1967 with the intention of setting up his own station at the site.[12] He attempted to establish Sealand as a nation-state in 1975 with the writing of a national constitution and establishment of other national symbols.[1] Bates moved to mainland Essex when he became elderly, naming his son Michael regent. Bates died in October 2012 at the age of 91.[13]     One of the other platforms which guarded a port           Sealand     PALM ISLAND   Beginning in 2001, three man-made islands in the form of palm trees are being constructed off the coast of the Emirate of Dubai. The islands consist of Palm Jumeirah, the smallest island, Jebel Ali, and Palm Deira, the largest island. These projects are only possible due to a topographic feature: the shallow, coastal sea in the Persian Gulf reaches far into the open sea, reducing the water depth. With a planned area of 50 square kilometres (km²) Palm Deira will be 25 times larger than Monaco upon completion.         the summer of 2007. In total, the Palm Islands house 60 luxury hotels, 4,000 residential villas, 1,000 water homes, 5,000 shoreline apartments and multiple marinas, restaurants, shopping malls, sports facilities, health spas, cinemas and dive sites, according   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWElZICyBns         just great pic  o bishop rock lighthouse         Pitcain Islands With a population of only around fifty, the people of Pitcairn are descended from the mutineers of HMAV Bounty and their Tahitian companions. Pitcairn Island is approximately 3.2km (2 miles) long and 1.6km (1 mile) wide with the capital Adamstown located above Bounty Bay and accessed by the aptly named road, "The Hill of Difficulty".   http://www.government.pn/index.php Wreck of the Bounty       Stamps  Pitcairn Island Honey Bees Please Note: All prices are in New Zealand Dollars 20c, $1.00, $1.80, $3.00 Single Set $6.00 Sheetlet $1.00First Day Cover $6.60       Bishop rock Bishop Rock Lighthouse, the second tallest     after the      Eddystone     Lighthouse,           is often referred to as "King of the     Lighthouses" and it is an impressive structure. It stands on a rock ledge 46m long by 16m wide, 4     miles west of the Scilly Isles. The rocks rise sheer from the seabed 45m     below.    http://www.photographers-resource.co.uk/A_heritage/Lighthouses/LG2_EW/Bishop_Rock_Lighthouse.htm       Picture by Richard Knites     Lighthouse information Grid       Name: Bishop Rock Lighthouse,     Isles of Scilly, Cornwall     Current status:     Currently in use     Geographic Position: 49 52.3 N 06 26.7 W     Grid Reference: SV807065 Ceremonial County: Cornwall         Appearance:     Tall granite tower with helipad on top     Round granite tower, incorporating keeper's quarters, with lantern and a     helipad built above the lantern. Tower is unpainted grey stone, lantern and     helipad painted white. Map     Link:     maps               StreetMap Aerial photo:       Other photos: Photo       Photo.     Originally built:     1847 of iron but washed away     Current lighthouse built:     1851, first lit 1858, encased and extended after 1881     Height of Tower: 49m   167ft     Height of light above mean sea level: 44m   114ft     Character of light: 2     White Group Flashes Every 15 Seconds     Character of fog signal: Fog     signal discontinued 2007      was     one long and one short blast every 90 seconds     Range of light: 24     miles     Owned / run by: Trinity House     Getting there:   Access:   Website:     TH Other Useful Websites: Wiki  Routes:   Other Relevant pages: For more articles, lists and other information     see the                 Lighthouses Section      Lighthouse Map of England and Wales          Featured List of     Lighthouses - England and Wales             List of Minor Lighthouses and Lights - England and Wales             Notes:

Been crazy busy will come out within week new epsiode july 24 World cup has got in the way but you should know USA played really well,  game of the tournament New episode June 24th         Robert Falcon Scott, CVO (6 June 1868 – c. 29 March 1912) was a Royal Navyofficer and explorer who led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: theDiscovery Expedition, 1901–04, and the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition, 1910–13.                                                            Scott, writing his journal in the Cape Evans hut, winter 19112014-06-08   During the research for his dual biography of Scott and Roald Amundsen,[9] polar historian Roland Huntford investigated a possible scandal in Scott's early naval career, related to the period 1889–90 when Scott was a lieutenant on HMS Amphion. According to Huntford, Scott "disappears from naval records" for eight months, from mid-August 1889 until 26 March 1890. Huntford hints at involvement with a married American woman, of cover-up, and protection by senior officers. Biographer David Crane reduces the missing period to eleven weeks,   Popular hero[edit] Discovery returned to Britain in September 1904. The expedition had caught the public imagination, and Scott became a popular hero. He was awarded a cluster of honours and medals, including many from overseas, and was promoted to the rank of captain.[35] He was invited to Balmoral Castle, where King Edward VII promoted him a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO).[36]   The expedition had both scientific and exploration objectives; the latter included a long journey south, in the direction of the South Pole. This march, undertaken by Scott,Ernest Shackleton and Edward Wilson, took them to a latitude of 82° 17′ S, about 530 miles (850 km) from the pole. A harrowing return journey brought about Shackleton's physical collapse and his early departure from the expedition   Dispute with Shackleton[edit] By early 1906, Scott had sounded out the RGS about the possible funding of a future Antarctic expedition.[39] It was therefore unwelcome news to him that Ernest Shackleton had announced his own plans to travel to Discovery's old McMurdo Sound base and launch a bid for the South Pole from there.[40] Scott claimed, in the first of a series of letters to Shackleton, that the area around McMurdo was his own "field of work" to which he had prior rights until he chose to give them up, and that Shackleton should therefore work from an entirely different area.       Scott's group took this photograph of themselves using a string to operate the shutter on 17 January 1912, the day after they discovered Amundsen had reached the pole first.       Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin, FRS (/ˈdɑrwɪn/;[1] 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist and geologist,[2] best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory.[I] He established that all species   ct. 1805 - Dec. 1831:Events leading to the Voyage The Napoleonic Wars South American trade relations The Hydrographic OfficeEarly H.M.S. Beagle history About the second Beagle Survey The search for a Naturalist  Feb. 1832 - Jan. 1833:                Jan. 1833 - Nov. 1833:          The Beagle arrives at Brazil                    The Mission is startedSurvey work at Rio de Janeiro                 A visit to the Falkland Islands Survey work at Buenos Aires                   Darwin leads the Gaucho life               Two boats hired to assist surveys            Darwin explores Buenos AiresViolent storms at Tierra del Fuego           Darwin explores the Rio Negro   Nov. 1833 - Jun. 1834:               Jun. 1834 - Apr. 1835:Return to the mission                           Arrival at ValparaisoFalkland Islands, revisited                     Darwin's 1st Andes expeditionExpedition up the Rio Santa Cruz           FitzRoy's nervous breakdown     The Beagle rounds the Cape                  Survey of Earthquake damage Fitreakdown                                          Darwin's 2nd and 3rd Andes expedition                                                                                            FitzRoy saves the HMS Challenger     Apr. 1835 - Oct. 1835:                    Oct. 1835 - Mar. 1836:Survey of Galapagos Archipelago               Into the Pacific Ocean                                                               Arrival at New Zealand                                                               and Australia   Mar. 1836 - Oct. 1836:Exploring the Cocos IslandsThe Begale arrives at South AfricaArrival at St. Helena IslandThe return to South AmericaThe Azores are SpottedFinally home in England!The Fate of the Beagle   Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, overcoming scientific rejection of earlier concepts of transmutation of species.[5][6] By the 1870s the scientific community and much of the general public had accepted evolution as a fact.       Roald Amundsen   He is also known as the first to traverse the Northwest Passage (1903–06). Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (Norwegian: [ˈɾuːɑl ˈɑmʉnsən]; 16 July 1872 – c. 18 June 1928) was a Norwegian explorer of polar regions. He led theAntarctic expedition (1910–12) to become the first men to reach the South Pole in December 1911. In 1926,        Belgian Antarctic Expedition (1897–99) Main article: Belgian Antarctic Expedition Portraits of Roald Amundsen Amundsen joined the Belgian Antarctic Expedition (1897–99) as first mate. This expedition, led by Adrien de Gerlache using the ship the Belgica, became the first expedition to winter in Antarctica.[         David Livingstone  late 19th century in Victorian Britain, Livingstone had a mythic status, which operated on a number of interconnected levels: Protestant missionary martyr, working-class "rags to riches" inspirational story, scientific investigator and explorer, imperial reformer, anti-slavery crusader, and advocate of commercial empire. His fame as an explorer helped drive forward the obsession with discovering the sources of the River Nile   Although Livingstone is known as "Africa's greatest missionary,” he is only recorded as having converted one African: Sechele, who was the chief of the Kwena people of Botswana. Kwena Livingstone's heart was buried under a Mvula tree near the spot where he died, now the site of the Livingstone Memorial.[29]His body together with his journal was carried over a thousand miles by his loyal attendants Chuma and Susi to the coast toBagamoyo, and was returned to Britain for burial. After lying in repose at No.1 Savile Row — then headquarters of the Royal Geographical Society, now the home of bespoke tailors Gieves & Hawkes — his remains were interred at Westminster Abbey, London.[4][30]   Famous people buried at Westminster Abbey Oliver CromwellSoldier and politician died 1658 Sir Isaac NewtonScientist died 1727 Charles DickensNovelist died 1870 Charles DarwinNaturalist died 1882 Sir Isaac NewtonScientist died 1727 Sir Laurence OlivierActor died 1989     Henry Morton Stanley   Sir Henry Morton Stanley GCB, born John Rowlands (28 January 1841 – 10 May 1904), was a Welsh journalist and explorer famous for his exploration of central Africa and his search for missionary and explorer David Livingstone   Henry Morton Stanley's life was a fascinating mix of heroic adventure, journalism and fantasy. He became famous by finding David Livingstone and writing about it in the New York Herald -- even though Livingstone was not lost. Stanley was born in North Wales, an illegitimate child, and baptised as John Rowlands. Aged 17, he ran away to sea and in New Orleans gave himself a new name. During following years, he led a roving life in America, working mostly as a freelance journalist. He fought on both sides in the Civil War.   Henry Stanley with Kalulu, his African personal servant and adopted child. Stanley named the Kalulu Falls after him after the boy died there, aged about 12, when his canoe was washed over the waterfall.

ok fingers crossed next week will be nxt epsiode  thats june 6th 7 th hopefully   Ok I am back,  found it a little difficult since been back,  but things on a little more even  Keel and I hope new episode will be out soon      A dash across america then next episiode out in may 10 fiveofthebest.podomatic.com     The Flag of John "Calico Jack" RackhamOpenclipart.orgJohn "Calico Jack" Rackham had a short and largely unimpressive pirate career between 1718 and 1720. Today, he is really only remembered for two reasons. First of all, he had two female pirates on his ship: Anne Bonny and Mary Read. It caused quite a scandal that women could take up pistols and cutlasses and fight and swear their way into full membership on a pirate vessel! The second reason was his very cool pirate flag: a black jack that showed a skull over crossed cutlasses. In spite of the fact that other pirates were more successful, his flag has gained fame as "the" pirate flag.     The Flag of Bartholomew "Black Bart" Roberts, Part OneIf you go by loot alone, Henry Avery was the most successful pirate of his time, but if you go by number of ships captured, then Bartholomew "Black Bart" Roberts beats him by a nautical mile. Black Bart captured some 400 ships in his three-year career, in which he ranged from Brazil to Newfoundland, to the Caribbean and Africa   6. The Flag of Stede Bonnet, "The Gentleman Pirate"Ever notice how some people just seem to wind up in the wrong line of work? During the Golden Age of Piracy, Stede Bonnet was one such man. A wealthy planter from Barbados, Bonnet got sick of his nagging wife. He did the only logical thing: he bought a ship, hired some men and sailed out to become a pirate. The only problem was that he didn't know one end of the ship from the other!     edward" Teach or BlackbeardIf you were sailing about in the Caribbean or southeastern coast of North America in 1718 and saw a ship flying a black flag with a white, horned skeleton holding an hourglass and spearing a heart, you were in trouble. The captain of the ship was none other than Edward "Blackbeard" Thatch, the most infamous pirate of his generation   Ann Bonney   1702  1782 While in the Bahamas, Bonny began mingling with pirates in the local taverns. She met Jack "Calico Jack" Rackham, captain of the pirate sloop Revenge, and became his mistress. They had a child in Cuba, who eventually took the name of Cunningham. Many different theories state that he was left with his family or simply abandoned. Bonny rejoined Rackham and continued the pirate life   Bartholomew Roberts   Black Bart Nickname    Black Bart (Welsh: Barti Ddu)Type    PirateBorn    17 May 1682Place of birth    Casnewydd Bach, Pembrokeshire, WalesDied    10 February 1722 (aged 39)Place of death    At sea off Cape Lopez, GabonYears active    1719-1722Rank    CaptainBase of operations    Off the coast of the Americas and West AfricaCommands    Royal Rover, Good Fortune, Royal Fortune, Ranger, Little RangerWealth    470 vessels;          Equiv. US $35.1 million today;[1] #5 Forbes top-earning pirates[2]     Stede Bonnet   Stede Bonnet was an early 18th-century Barbadian pirate, sometimes called "the gentleman pirate" because he was a moderately wealthy landowner before turning to a life of crime. Bonnet was born into a wealthy English family on the island of Barbados, and inherited the family estate after his father's death in 1694. In 1709   Bonnet set sail for Nassau, Bahamas, but he was seriously wounded en route during an encounter with a Spanish warship. After arriving in Nassau, Bonnet met Edward Teach, the infamous pirate Blackbeard. Incapable of leading his crew, Bonnet temporarily ceded his ship's command to Blackbeard. Before separating in December 1717   Blackbeard  It was during this cruise with Hornigold that the earliest known report of Teach was made, in which he is recorded as a pirate in his own right, in command of a large crew. In a report made by a Captain Mathew Munthe on an anti-piracy patrol for North Carolina, "Thatch" was described as operating "a sloop 6 gunns [sic] and about 70 men".[13] In September Teach and Hornigold encountered Stede Bonnet, a landowner and military officer from a wealthy family who had turned to piracy earlier that year. Bonnet's crew of about 70 were reportedly dissatisfied with his command, so with Bonnet's permission, Teach took control of his ship Revenge

fiveofthebest.podomatic.com new episode 12 th march still traveling and having little trouble,  will try to add pics tomorrow     Satelittes           Satellites operate in extreme temperatures from −150 °C (−238 °F) to 150 °C (300 °F) and may be subject to radiation in space. Satellite components that can be exposed to radiation are shielded with aluminium and other radiation-resistant material     Communication satellites range from microsatellites weighing less than 1 kg (2.2 pounds) to large satellites weighing over 6,500 kg (14,000 pounds). Advances in miniaturization and digitalization have substantially increased the capacity of satellites over the years. Early Bird had just one transponder capable of sending just one TV channel. The Boeing 702 series of satellites, in contrast, can have more than 100 transponders, and with the use of digital compression technology each transponder can have up to 16 channels, providing more than 1,600 TV channels through one satellite.     A signal that is bounced off a GEO satellite takes approximately 0.22 second to travel at the speed of light from Earth to the satellite and back. This delay poses some problems for applications such as voice services and mobile telephony. Therefore, most mobile and voice services usually use LEO   Satellites face competition from other media such as fibre optics, cable, and other land-based delivery systems such as microwaves and even power lines. The main advantage of satellites is that they can distribute signals from one point to many locations. As such, satellite technology is ideal for “point-to-multipoint” communications such as broadcasting. Satellite communication does not require massive investments on the ground   The Intelsat spans theToday there are approximately 150 communication satellites in orbit with over 100 in geosynchronous orbit. globe, and domestic satellites such as the USSR's Molniya satellites. Western Union's Westar, and Canada's Anik - serve individual countries. The Intelsat V is the latest in its space-craft series, it can handle 12,000 telephone circuits and two color television transmission simultaneously.     Which of the following whirls around the Earth at 5 miles per second? Hubble Space Telescope. The Hubble Space Telescope is named after Edwin Hubble (1889-1953). Hubble's Law (also named after Edwin Hubble) is a theory that suggests that there is a constantly expanding universe.     Weather Satellites     The first weather satellite was launched on February 17, 1959. What was the name of this satellite? Vanguard 2. Vanguard 2 was designed to measure cloud cover, however, this satellite was poor in collecting data as a poor axis and rotation kept it from collecting meaningful information. TIROS-1 which was launched by NASA in 1960, was the first successful weather satellite and operated for 78 days.   THE MOON     The prevailing hypothesis today is that the Earth–Moon system formed as a result of agiant impact, where a Mars-sized body (named Theia) collided with the newly formed proto-Earth, blasting material into orbit around it that accreted to form the Moon.[20] This hypothesis perhaps best explains the evidence, although not perfectly.   The Moon is drifting away from the Earth:The Moon is moving approximately 3.8 cm away from our planet every year. It is estimated that it will continue to do so for around 50 billion years. By the time that happens, the Moon will be taking around 47 days to orbit the Earth instead of the current 27.3 days.   Evolution of moon  7 min http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TuHasBN-U1c 4 min good video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aSV98i0jzro   STRANGE SATELLITES   Lapetus moon   Iapetus was discovered by Giovanni Domenico Cassini, an Italian–French astronomer, in October 1671  Cassini correctly surmised that Iapetus has a bright hemisphere and a dark hemisphere, and that it is tidally locked, always keeping the same face towards Saturn. This means that the bright hemisphere is visible from Earth when Iapetus is on the western side of Saturn, and that the dark hemisphere is visible when Iapetus is on the eastern side. The dark hemisphere was later named Cassini Regio in his honour.     A further mystery of Iapetus is the equatorial ridge that runs along the center of Cassini Regio, about 1,300 km long, 20 km wide, 13 km high. It was discovered when the Cassini spacecraft imaged Iapetus on December 31, 2004. Peaks in the ridge rise more than 20 km above the surrounding plains, making them some of the tallest mountains in the Solar System. The ridge forms a complex system including isolated peaks, segments of more than 200 km and sections with three near parallel ridges.[27           MIMAS Mimas is a moon of Saturn which was discovered in 1789 by William Herschel.[8] It is named after Mimas, a son of Gaia in Greek mythology, and is also designated Saturn I. With a diameter of 396 kilometres (246 mi) it is the twentieth-largest moon in the Solar System and is the smallest astronomical body that is known to be rounded in shape because of self-gravitation.     The surface area of Mimas is slightly less than the land area of Spain. The low density of Mimas, 1.15 g/cm³, indicates that it is composed mostly of water ice with only a small amount of rock.   TRITON Triton is unique among all large moons in the Solar System for its retrograde orbit around its planet (i.e., it orbits in a direction opposite to the planet's rotation). Most of the outer irregular moons of Jupiter and Saturn also have retrograde orbits, as do some ofUranus's outer moons. However, these moons are all much more distant from their primaries, and are small in comparison; the largest of them (Phoebe)[f] has only 8% of the diameter (and 0.03% of the mass) of Triton.       HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE       Launch: April 24, 1990 from space shuttle Discovery (STS-31) Deployment: April 25, 1990 Mission Duration: Up to 20 years Servicing Mission 1: December 1993 Servicing Mission 2: February 1997 Servicing Mission 3A: December 1999 Servicing Mission 3B: February 2002 Servicing Mission 4: May 2009 Size Length: 43.5 ft (13.2 m)Weight: 24,500 lb (11,110 kg) Maximum Diameter: 14 ft (4.2 m) Cost at Launch $1.5 billion Spaceflight Statistics Orbit: At an altitude of 307 nautical miles (569 km, or 353 miles), inclined 28.5 degrees to the equator (low-Earth orbit)Time to Complete One Orbit: 97 minutes Speed: 17,500 mph (28,000 kph) Optical Capabilities Hubble Can't Observe: The Sun or Mercury, which is too close to the Sun Sensitivity to Light: Ultraviolet through infrared (115—2500 nanometers) First Image: May 20, 1990: Star Cluster NGC 3532 Data Statistics Hubble transmits about 120 gigabytes of science data every week. That's equal to about 3,600 feet (1,097 meters) of books on a shelf. The rapidly growing collection of pictures and data is stored on magneto-optical         disks. Power Needs Energy Source: The Sun Mechanism: Two 25-foot solar panels Power usage: 2,800 watts Pointing Accuracy In order to take images of distant, faint objects, Hubble must be extremely steady and accurate. The telescope is able to lock onto a target without deviating more than 7/1000th of an arcsecond, or about the width of a human hair seen at a distance of 1 mile. Hubble's Mirrors Primary Mirror Diameter: 94.5 in (2.4 m) Primary Mirror Weight: 1,825 lb (828 kg) Secondary Mirror Diameter: 12 in (0.3 m) Secondary Mirror Weight: 27.4 lb (12.3 kg) Power Storage Batteries: 6 nickel-hydrogen (NiH) Storage Capacity: equal to 20 car batteries         International space station   It’s the most expensive object ever built At an estimated cost of $100bn dollars, the ISS is the most expensive single object ever built by mankind. Roughly half of the total price was contributed by the USA, the rest by other nations including Europe, Japan and Russia.   Tracy Caldwell in cupola module

this time new episode by feb26th         A STORY OF THREE ROYAL BEHEADINGShttp: Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649[a]) was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. Charles was the second son of King James VI of Scotland, but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603, he moved to England, where he spent much of the rest of his life. He became heir apparent to the English, Irish and Scottish thrones on the death of his elder brother in 1612. An unsuccessful and unpopular attempt to marry him to a Spanish Habsburg princess culminated in an eight-month visit to Spain in 1623 that demonstrated the futility of the marriage negotiations. Two years later he married the Bourbon princess Henrietta Maria of France instead.           Charles was reserved (he had a residual stammer), self-righteous and had a high concept of royal authority, believing in the divine right of kings. He was a good linguist and a sensitive man of refined tastes. He spent a lot on the arts, inviting the artists Van Dyck and Rubens to work in England, and buying agreat collection of paintings by Raphael and Titian (this collection was later dispersed under Cromwell)   .This picture was commisioned by Charles   Finally, on 22 August 1642 at Nottingham, Charles raised the Royal Standard calling for loyal subjects to support him (Oxford was to be the King's capital during the war). The Civil War, what Sir William Waller (a Parliamentary general and moderate) called 'this war without an enemy', had begun. The Battle of Edgehill in October 1642 showed that early on the fighting was even. Broadly speaking, Charles retained the north, west and south-west of the country, and Parliament had London, East Anglia and the south-east, although there were pockets of resistance everywhere, ranging from solitary garrisons to whole cities.     On 20 January, Charles was charged with high treason 'against the realm of England'. Charles refused to plead, saying that he did not recognise the legality of the High Court (it had been established by a Commons purged of dissent, and without the House of Lords - nor had the Commons ever acted as a judicature). The King was sentenced to death on 27 January. Three days later, Charles was beheaded on a scaffold outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall, London. The King asked for warm clothing before his execution: 'the season is so sharp as probably may make me shake, which some observers may imagine proceeds from fear   Horrible Histories: Slimy Stuarts: HHTV News: King Charles I's Execution www.youtube.com/watch?v Horrible Histories: English Civil War with Bob Hale =ZnbZE52wCRY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZnbZE52wCRY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3FyQnEDt7eA       Anne Boleyn From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other people named Anne Boleyn, see Anne Boleyn (disambiguation). Anne Boleyn Later copy of an original portrait, which was painted c.1534. Queen consort of England Reign 28 May 1533 – 17 May 1536 Coronation 1 June 1533   Spouse Henry VIII of England among others... Issue Elizabeth I of England House House of Tudor (by marriage) Father Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire Mother Lady Elizabeth Howard Born c. 1501/07[1] Blickling Hall, Norfolk or Hever Castle, Kent Died 19 May 1536 (aged 28–35) Tower of London, London Signature Religion Anglican, formerly Roman Catholic[2] Anne Boleyn (/ˈbʊlɪn/, /bəˈlɪn/ or /bʊˈlɪn/)[3][4] (c. 1501[1] – 19 May 1536) was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536 as the second wife of King Henry VIII and Marquess of Pembroke in her own right   On her return to England in 1522, Anne was appointed as lady-in-waiting to Henry VIII's wife Catherine of Aragon. Anne's striking looks and sophisticated manners earned her many admirers at court Before pursuing Anne, Henry VIII had already had an affair with her sister, Mary. Henry showered Anne and her family with titles and gifts. Anne's ambitious father was created Earl of Wiltshire and her brother, Lord George Rochford Tragedy of Anne Boleyn http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HqNTi_HNwnE Horrible Histories - it's your reign with Henry VIII HORRIBLE HISTORIES - The Wives of Henry VIII (Terrible Tudors) Horrible Histories - the execution of Anne Boleyn       Marie Antoinette Maria Antonia of Austria was born on November 2, 1755 at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria; on the next day, she was baptised Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna          A child of only 14 years, delicately beautiful with gray-blue eyes and ash-blonde hair, in May 1770, Marie Antoinette set out for France to be married, escorted by 57 carriages, 117 footmen and 376 horses.   On July 14, 1789, 900 French workers and peasants stormed the Bastille Prison to take arms and ammunition, marking the beginning of the French Revolution. On October 6 of that year, a crowd of 10,000 gathered outside the Palace at Versailles and demanded that the king and queen be brought to Paris. At the Tuileries Palace in Paris, the always indecisive Louis XVI acted almost paralyzed, and Marie Antoinette immediately stepped into his place, meeting with advisors and ambassadors and dispatching urgent letters to other European rulers, begging them to help save France's monarchy. In January 1793, the radical new republic placed King Louis XVI on trial, convicted him of treason and condemned him to death. On January 21, 1793, he was dragged to the guillotine and executed. In October of that year, a month into the infamous and bloody Reign of Terror that claimed tens of thousands of French lives, Marie Antoinette was put on trial for treason and theft, Contents Synopsis Early Life Marriage to Louis Auguste Queen of France Death and Legacy as well as a false and disturbing charge of sexual abuse against her own son. After the two-day trial, an all-male jury found Marie Antoinette guilty on all charges. Thusly, like her husband had been several months before, Marie Antoinette was sent to the guillotine on October 16, 1793. On the night before her execution, she had written her last letter to her sister-in-law, Elisabeth. "I am calm," the queen wrote, "as people are whose conscience is clear french revolution video Horrible Histories     Lady Jane Grey   Lady Jane Grey (1536/1537 – 12 February 1554), also known as Lady Jane Dudley[3] or The Nine Days' Queen,[4] was an English noblewoman and de facto monarch of England from 10 July until 19 July 1553. The great-granddaughter of Henry VII through his younger daughter Mary, Jane was a first cousin once removed of Edward VI. In May 1553, she was married to Lord Guildford Dudley, a younger son of Edward's chief minister, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland. When the 15-year-old King lay dying in June 1553, he nominated Jane as successor to the Crown in his will, thus subverting the claims of his half-sisters Mary and Elizabeth         short 2 min video horrible histories Horrible Histories Horrible Histories:Lady Jane Grey is queen for nine days. The invention of the English mile

why isn't everything easy  I mean why The next episoide will be out dec 24 , or maybe 25th, fuck australia  that should  FUCK         ello  the reason why I have not released  a new episode is that my computer is badly infected and could not do so.  I had a wake up call and decided to quite shity job and go travelling,  head towards  my brother in Australia,   I have recorded three I think quite good episodes but can not download.  I will try to find a computer on my travels and release them then, if I can not in a months time will arrive in oz and will release all three then    1995     List of Pixar films       Rank Title (click to view) Studio Gross / Theaters Opening / Theaters Date 1 Toy Story 3 BV $415,004,880 4,028 $110,307,189 4,028 6/18/10 2 Finding Nemo BV $339,714,978 3,425 $70,251,710 3,374 5/30/03 3 Up BV $293,004,164 3,886 $68,108,790 3,766 5/29/09 4 Monsters University BV $267,788,620 4,004 $82,429,469 4,004 6/21/13 5 The Incredibles BV $261,441,092 3,933 $70,467,623 3,933 11/5/04 6 Monsters, Inc. BV $255,873,250 3,649 $62,577,067 3,237 11/2/01 7 Toy Story 2 BV $245,852,179 3,257 $300,163 1 11/19/99 8 Cars BV $244,082,982 3,988 $60,119,509 3,985 6/9/06 9 Brave BV $237,283,207 4,164 $66,323,594 4,164 6/22/12 10 WALL-E BV $223,808,164 3,992 $63,087,526 3,992 6/27/08 11 Ratatouille BV $206,445,654 3,940 $47,027,395 3,940 6/29/07 12 Toy Story BV $191,796,233 2,574 $29,140,617 2,457 11/22/95 13 Cars 2 BV $191,452,396 4,115 $66,135,507 4,115 6/24/11 14 A Bug's Life BV $162,798,565 2,773 $291,121 1 11/20/98   EBAY AuctionWeb was founded in San Jose, California, on September 3, 1995, by French-born Iranian-American computer programmer Pierre Omidyar (born on June 21, 1967) as part of a larger personal site that included, among other things, Omidyar's own tongue-in-cheek tribute to the Ebola virus.[7] One of the first items sold on AuctionWeb was a broken laser pointerfor $14.83. Astonished, Omidyar contacted the winning bidder to ask if he understood that the laser pointer was broken. In his responding email, the buyer explained: "I'm a collector of broken laser pointers."[8] The frequently repeated story that eBay was founded to help Omidyar's fiancée trade Pez candy dispensers was fabricated by a public relations manager in 1997 to interest the media, which were not interested in the company's previous explanation about wanting to create a "perfect market".[9] This was revealed in Adam Cohen's 2002 book, The Perfect Store,[7] and confirmed by eBay.[9]   Reportedly, eBay was simply a side hobby for Omidyar until his internet service provider informed him he would need to upgrade to a business account due to the high volume of traffic to his website. The resulting price increase (from $30/month to $250) forced him to start charging those who used eBay, and was not met with any animosity. In fact it resulted in the hiring of Chris Agarpao as eBay's first employee to handle the number of cheques coming in for fees.   FLASH   The Shockwave player was originally developed for the Netscape browser by Macromedia Director team members Harry Chesley, John Newlin,Sarah Allen, and Ken Day, influenced by a previous plug-in that Macromedia had created for Microsoft's Blackbird. Version 1.0 of Shockwave was released independent of Director 4 and its development schedule has since coincided with the release of Director since version 5[citation needed]. Its versioning also has since been tied to Director's and thus there were no Shockwave 2-4 releases. Shockwave 1The Shockwave plug-in for Netscape Navigator 2.0 was released in 1995, along with the standalone Afterburner utility to compress Director files for Shockwave playback. The first large-scale multimedia site to use Shockwave was Intel's 25th Anniversary of the Microprocessor.   ERIC   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFsW6vvBwHk   BALLONS   On February 21, 1995, Fossett landed in Leader, Saskatchewan, Canada, after taking off from South Korea, becoming the first person to make a solo flight across the Pacific Ocean in a balloon.     Fastest speed achieved in a hot air balloon: 200 miles per hour (320 km/h), breaking his own previous record of 166 miles per hour (270 km/h) Fastest Around the World in a hot air balloon (13.5 days) Longest Distance Flown Solo in a Hot Air Balloon (20,482.26 miles (32,963.00 km) 24-Hour Balloon Distance: 3,186.80 miles (5,128.66 km) on July 1   Of the two brothers, it was Joseph who first contemplated building machines as early as 1777 when he observed laundry drying over a fire incidentally form pockets that billowed upwards.[3] Joseph made his first definitive experiments in November 1782 while living in the city of Avignon.  Joseph, the 12th child, possessed a typical inventor's temperament—a maverick and dreamer, and impractical in terms of business and personal affairs. Étienne had a much more even and businesslike temperament. As the 15th child, and particularly troublesome to his elder siblings, he was sent to Paris to train as an architect. H   14 minute video about ballons http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2jPDAU4l-o     Tullamore air    On 10 May 1785, the town was seriously damaged when the crash of a hot air balloon resulted in a fire that burned down as many as 130 homes, giving the town the distinction of being the location of the world's first known aviation disaster.[10] To this day, the town shield depicts a phoenix rising from the ashes. The event is yearly commemorated by the Phoenix festival which celebrates Tullamore's resurrection from the ashes following the accident.     MIA   When it was launched in 1986, the Russian Mir space station was only supposed to have a life span of about five years, but it proved to have more longevity than anyone expected. Feb. 20, 2001, marked the 15th anniversary of the station's launch, but old-age has finally caught up with the spacecraft. Mir has been plagued by technical and structural problems, and in November 2000, the Russian government announced that it would destroy the space station. The process of deorbiting the Mir space station has already begun. A Russian cargo ship, theProgress, was launched on Jan. 24, 2001, carrying twice its normal amount of fuel. The extra fuel has been used to fire the Progress' thrusters and push the 137-ton station into a controlled descent through the Earth's atmosphere.   Mir's demise began when a fire that broke out on board the spacecraft in February 1997 was followed by a near-fatal collision with an unmanned cargo ship in June of the same year. Since then, Mir has experienced a series of technical and structural problems. Most recently, the Russian Space Agency lost contact with the space station for more than 20 hours in December 2000.   Good site http://www.russianspaceweb.com/mir.html   Computer storage   Herman Hollerith was awarded a series of patents[16] in 1889 for mechanical tabulating machines. These patents described both paper tape and rectangular cards as possible recording media.     http://www.zetta.net/history-of-computer-storage/

For Dad He would have loved this       Tutankhamun (alternatively spelled with Tutenkh-, -amen, -amon) was an Egyptianpharaoh of the 18th dynasty (ruled ca. 1332 BC – 1323 BC in the conventional chronology), during the period of Egyptian history known as the New Kingdom. He is popularly referred to as King Tut. His original name, Tutankhaten, means "Living For Dad he would have loved this Go to   According to the September 2010 issue of National Geographic magazine, Tutankhamun was the result of anincestuous relationship and, because of that, may have suffered from several genetic defects that contributed to his early death.[19] For years, scientists have tried to unravel ancient clues as to why the boy king of Egypt, who reigned for 10 years, died at the age of 19. Several theories have been put forth; one was that he was killed by a blow to the head, while another was that his death was caused by a broken leg.      Lord Carnarvon was an enthusiastic amateur Egyptologist, undertaking in 1907 to sponsor the excavation of nobles' tombs in Deir el-Bahri (Thebes). Howard Carter joined him as his assistant in the excavations.[5] It is now established that it was Gaston Maspero, then Director of the Antiquities Department, who proposed Carter to Lord Carnarvon.[6] He received in 1914 the concession to dig in theValley of the Kings, in replacement of Theodore Davis who had resigned. In 1922, he and Howard Carter together opened the tomb of Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings, exposing treasures unsurpassed in the history of archaeology.     Lord C                    Howard Carter     RADAR   for RAdio Detection AndRanging.[1] The term radar has since entered English and other languages as the common noun radar, losing all capitalization.   James Clerk Maxwell FRS FRSE (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish[1][2]mathematical physicist.[3] His most prominent achievement was to formulate a set of equations that describe electricity, magnetism, and optics as manifestations of the samephenomenon, namely the electromagnetic field.[4] Maxwell's achievements concerning electromagnetism have been called the "second great unification in physics",[5] after the first one realised by Isaac Newton.     The first permanent colour photograph, taken by James Clerk Maxwell in 1861James Clerk Maxwell FRS     Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (22 February 1857 – 1 January 1894) was a German physicist who clarified and expanded James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light, which was first demonstrated by David Edward Hughes using non-rigorous trial and error procedures. Hertz is distinguished from Maxwell and Hughes because he was the first to conclusively prove the existence of electromagnetic waves by engineering instruments to transmit and receive radio pulses using experimental procedures that ruled out all other known wireless phenomena.[1] The scientific unit of frequency – cycles per second – was named the "hertz" in his honor.[2]     Guglielmo Marconi     for his development of Marconi's law and a radio telegraph system. Marconi is often credited as the inventor of radio, and he shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".[2][3][4] As an entrepreneur, businessman, and founder of the The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company in Britain in 1897, Marconi succeeded in making a commercial success of radio by innovating and building on the work of previous experimenters and physicists.[5][6] In 1924,   12 December 1901, using a 152.4-metre (500 ft) kite-supported antenna for reception, the message was received atSignal Hill in St John's, Newfoundland(now part of Canada) signals transmitted by the company's new high-power station at Poldhu, Cornwall. The distance between the two points was about 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi). Heralded as a great scientific advance, there was—and continues to be—considerable skepticism about this claim Feeling challenged by skeptics, Marconi prepared a better organized and documented test. In February 1902, the SS Philadelphia sailed west from Great Britain with Marconi aboard, carefully recording signals sent daily from the Poldhu station. The test results producedcoherer-tape reception up to 2,496 kilometres (1,551 mi), and audio reception up to 3,378 kilometres (2,099 mi). The maximum distances were achieved at night, and these tests were the first to show that for mediumwave and longwave transmissions, radio signals travel much farther at night than in the day   Robert Watson-Watt     Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt, KCB, FRS, FRAeS (13 April 1892 – 5 December 1973) was a pioneer and significant contributor to the development of radar. Radar was initially nameless and researched elsewhere but it was greatly expanded on 1 September 1936    This system provided the vital advance information that helped the Royal Air Force win the Battle of Britain.[2][1]     Higgs boson           Peter  Higgs still teaching             The Higgs boson or Higgs particle is an elementary particle initially theorised in 1964,[6][7] and tentatively confirmed to exist on 14 March 2013.[8] The discovery has been called "monumental"[9][10] because it appears to confirm the existence of the Higgs field,[11][12] which is pivotal to the Standard Model and other theories within particle physics. It would explain why some fundamental particles have mass      The LHC tunnel is located 100 metres underground, in the region between the Geneva International Airport and the nearby Jura mountains. It uses the 27 km circumference circular tunnel previously occupied by LEP which was closed down in November 2000. CERN's existing PS/SPS accelerator complexes will be used to pre-accelerate protons which will then be injected into the LHC. The LHC resumed operation on Friday 20 November 2009 by successfully circulating two beams, each with an energy of 3.5 trillion electron volts. The challenge that the engineers then faced was to try to line up the two beams so that they smashed into each other. This is like "firing two needles across the Atlantic and getting them to hit each other"   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joTKd5j3mzk   3 minute video explains everything   Terracotta Army   Terracotta Army there were over 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots with 520 horses and 150 cavalry horses, the majority of which are still buried in the pits near by Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum.[2] Other terracotta non-military figures were also found in other pits and they include officials, acrobats, strongmen and musicians. There are four main pits associated with the terracotta army.[24][25] These pits are located about 1.5 km east of the burial mound and are about 7 metres deep. The army is placed as if to protect the tomb from the east, where all the Qin Emperor's conquered states lay. Pit one, which is 230 metres long and 62 metres wide,[25] contains the main army of more than 6,000 figures.[26] Pit one has 11 corridors, most of which are over 3 metres wide, and paved with small bricks with a wooden ceiling supported by large beams and posts. This design was also used for the tombs of noblemen and would have resembled palace hallways. The wooden ceilings were covered with reed mats and layers of clay for waterproofing,      Some of these weapons such as the swords are still very sharp and found to be coated with chromium oxide. This layer of chromium oxide is 10–15 micrometre thick and has kept the swords rust-free and in pristine condition after 2,000 years       Graphene   Andre Geim: It's the thinnest material you can get -- it's only one atom thick. A tiny amount can cover a huge area, so one gram could cover a whole football pitch. It's the strongest material we are aware of because you can't slice it any further. Of course, we know that atoms can be divided into elementary particles, but you can't get any material that is thinner than one atom, or it wouldn't count as a material anymore. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dTSnnlITsVg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFacA6OwCjA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sugmA-pll4k

There will be new episode october 8th New episoi       go to the site FIVEOFTHEBEST@PODOMATIC.COM   The HP-35 was Hewlett-Packard's first pocket calculator and the world's first scientificpocket calculator[1] (a calculator with trigonometric and exponential functions). Like some of HP's desktop calculators, it used reverse Polish notation. Introduced at US$395,[2] the HP-35 was available from 1972 to 1975.       The HP-35 was Hewlett-Packard's first pocket calculator and the world's first scientificpocket calculator[1] (a calculator with trigonometric and exponential functions). Like some of HP's desktop calculators, it used reverse Polish notation. Introduced at US$395,[2] the HP-35 was available from 1972 to 1975.       Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571, also known as the Andes flight disaster and, in South America, as the Miracle of the Andes (El Milagro de los Andes) was a chartered flight carrying 45 people, including a rugby team, their friends, family and associates that crashed in the Andes on 13 October 1972.     Nando Parrado and Roberto Canessa (sitting) with Chilean arriero Sergio Catalán       The survivors had a small amount of food: a few chocolate bars, assorted snacks and several bottles of wine. During the days following the crash they divided out this food in very small amounts so as not to exhaust their meager supply. Fito Strauch also devised a way to melt snow into water by using metal from the seats and placing snow on it. The snow then melted in the sun and dripped into empty wine bottles. Even with this strict rationing, their food stock dwindled quickly.     In 1966, Nolan Bushnell saw Spacewar! for the first time at the University of Utah. Deciding there was commercial potential in a coin-op version, several years later he and Ted Dabney worked on a hand-wired custom computer capable of playing it on a black and white television   By November 1972, the first Pong was completed. It consisted of a black and white television from Walgreens, the special game hardware, and a coin mechanism from a laundromat on the side which featured a milk carton inside to catch coins. Placed in aSunnyvale tavern by the name of Andy Capp's to test its viability, it took only a few days to realize they had a hit[9]     30 sec video on how games were http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdjE4Yywmpc   The 968.9-carat (193.8 g) Star of Sierra Leone diamond was discovered by miners on February 14, 1972 in the Diminco alluvial mines in the Koidu area of Sierra Leone. It ranks as the third-largest gem-quality diamond and the largest alluvial diamond ever discovered.[1]

fiveofthebest.podomatic.com   Sir Francis Drake, Vice Admiral (c. 1540 – 27 January 1596) was an English sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, andpolitician of the Elizabethan era. Drake carried out thesecond circumnavigation of the world, from 1577 to 1580.     His exploits were legendary, making him a hero to the English but a pirate to the Spaniards to whom he was known as El Draque.[4] King Philip II was said to have offered a reward of 20,000 ducats,[5] about £4 million (US$6.5M) by modern standards, for his life.     Tonnage: 100 - 150 tons Displacement: 300 tons Length: 102 ft (31 m) on deck Beam: 20 ft (6.1 m) Draught: 9 ft (2.7 m) Propulsion: Sail; Wind Speed: 8 knots (15 km/h) Complement: 80–85 Armament: 22 guns Armour: none http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7e23OnRapVg       On 26 September, Golden Hind sailed into Plymouth with Drake and 59 remaining crew aboard, along with a rich cargo of spices and captured Spanish treasures. The Queen's half-share of the cargo surpassed the rest of the crown's income for that entire year. Drake was hailed as the first Englishman to circumnavigate the Earth (and the second such voyage arriving with at least one ship intact, afterElcano's in 1520).[20]   two video about spanish armada  3 mins and 8  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7e23OnRapVg   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5yx6ZLfVQ8      Philip was assassinated in 336 BC and Alexander inherited a powerful yet volatile kingdom. He quickly dealt with his enemies at home and reasserted Macedonian power within Greece. He then set out to conquer the massive Persian Empire Against overwhelming odds, he led his army to victories across the Persian territories of Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt without suffering a single defeat. His greatest victory was at the Battle of Gaugamela, in what is now northern Iraq, in 331 BC. The young king of Macedonia, leader of the Greeks, overlord of Asia Minor and pharaoh of Egypt became 'great king' of Persia at the age of 25.

website  fiveofthebest.podomatic.com       . The Turk could nod twice if it threatened its opponent's queen, and three times upon placing the king in check. If an opponent made an illegal move, the Turk would shake its head, move the piece back and make its own move, thus forcing a forfeit of its opponent's move.[20] Louis Dutens, a traveller who observed a showing of the Turk, attempted to trick the machine "by giving the Queen the move of a Knight, but my mechanic opponent was not to be so imposed upon; he took up my Queen and replaced her in the square from which I had moved her.     Another part of the machine's exhibition was the completion of the knight's tour, a famed chess puzzle. The puzzle requires the player to move a knight around a chessboard, touching each square once along the way. While most experienced chess players of the time still struggled with the puzzle, the Turk was capable of completing the tour without any difficulty from any starting point via a pegboard used by the director with a mapping of the puzzle laid out.[23] The Turk also had the ability to converse with spectators using a letter board.   In 1809, Napoleon I of France arrived at Schönbrunn Palace to play the Turk. According to an eyewitness report, Mälzel took responsibility for the construction of the machine while preparing the game, and the Turk (Johann Baptist Allgaier) saluted Napoleon prior to the start of the match.     15 min video  it 7 history of turk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfDDcaewlZU   Hitler Diaries The magazine had paid nearly 9 million German marks for the sixty small books, plus a "special volume" about Rudolf Hess' flight to the United Kingdom, covering the period from 1932 to 1945     Two historians who did briefly see them, Hugh Trevor-Roper (later Baron Dacre of Glanton) and Gerhard Weinberg, were retained by Times Newspapers and Newsweek, respectively, to authenticate the diaries prior to bidding for the serialisation rights.   Many doubted the diaries' genuineness. Former German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt told a group "I just can't believe it's true". Skeptics thought that no one person could have forged 60 volumes, and believed that the East German and Soviet governments had faked the diaries to divide West Germany from its allies, or to earn Western hard currency.[2] Doubts quickly emerged. A press conference held to launch publication on 25 April 1983 was a fiasco for Stern. Both Trevor-Roper and Weinberg qualified their previous endorsements, and writer David Irving held up photocopies of a fake Hitler diary that he said was from the same source as Stern's material. Within two weeks, the West German Bundesarchiv revealed that the Hitler Diaries were "grotesquely superficial fakes"     It was never determined where the missing money[clarification needed] went. Kujau certainly received a portion of it, but it is likely that Heidemann pocketed a majority. A Hamburg court later found that Heidemann kept at least 4.4 million Deutsche marks.[3] At the time the fraud was being investigated, authorities learned that Heidemann purchased two villas in Spain, two luxury sports cars, expensive jewelry, rare World War II memorabilia for his collection, and extravagant vacations, amongst other things. All of the items, totaling well over 1.5 million marks, were allegedly paid for out of Heidemann's monthly salary of 5,400 Marks. After release from prison, Kujau was able to use his new fame as a forger to open a studio and sell "original Kujau forgeries".[       Alien autopsy was the name given to a hoaxed medical examination and dissection of a dummy depicted in a film released in the 1990s by a London-based entrepreneur Ray Santilli. He presented it as an autopsy on the body of an extraterrestrial being recovered from the crash of a "flying disc" near Roswell, New Mexico on June 2, 1947. The 17-minute black-and-white film of poor quality surfaced in the 1990s, and Santilli claimed he had received it from an unidentified, former military cameraman   Five minute video on explanation the alien autopsy film http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOwxgVCVdrg Alien autopsy film http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZaVF3vj9gCo   Piltdown Man   The Piltdown Man was a hoax in which bone fragments were presented as the fossilised remains of a previously unknown early human. These fragments consisted of parts of a skull and jawbone, said to have been collected in 1912 from a gravel pit at Piltdown, East Sussex 5 min video on piltdowm man http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3VGhzv30bnQ     The spaghetti tree hoax is a famous 3-minute hoax report broadcast on April Fools' Day 1957 by the BBC current affairs programme Panorama. It told a tale of a family in southernSwitzerland harvesting spaghetti from the fictitious spaghetti tree, broadcast at a time when thisItalian dish was not widely eaten in the UK and some Britons were unaware that spaghetti is apasta made from wheat flour and water. Hundreds of viewers phoned into the BBC, either to say the story was not true, or wondering about it, with some even asking how to grow their own spaghetti trees. Decades later CNN called this broadcast "the biggest hoax that any reputable news establishment ever pulled."[1] 5 min video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27ugSKW4-QQ   Hoaxes explained videos 5 min each   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2OlnUbHofJ4   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dsK4ZOVQonc   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NdNEN4rUOTA   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o04ojQ6PvrM

Fiveofthebest.podomatic.com     The Munich air disaster occurred on 6 February 1958, when British European AirwaysFlight 609 crashed on its third attempt to take off from a slush-covered runway atMunich-Riem Airport in Munich, West Germany. On board the plane was theManchester United football team, nicknamed the "Busby Babes", along with a number of supporters and journalists.[1] Twenty of the 44 people on board the aircraft died in the crash     The new wing design was extremely thin, with a thickness-to-chord ratio of only 3.36% and an aspect ratio of 2.45. The wing's leading-edges were so thin (0.016 in/0.41 mm) and sharp that they presented a hazard to ground crews, and protective guards had to be installed during ground operations. The safety record of the F-104 Starfighter became high-profile news, especially in Germany, in the mid-1960s. In West Germany it came to be nicknamed Witwenmacher ("The Widowmaker"). Some operators lost a large proportion of their aircraft through accidents, although the accident rate varied widely depending on the user and operating conditions; the German Air Force lost about 30% of aircraft in accidents over its operating career,[38] and Canada lost over 50% of its F-104s.[39] The Spanish Air Force, however, lost none.[40][41] 15,000 metres (49,000 ft) in 131.1 seconds 20,000 metres (66,000 ft) in 222.99 seconds 25,000 metres (82,000 ft) in 266.03 seconds             Zenith engineer, Eugene Polley created the "Flash-matic" the first wireless TV remote in 1955. The Flash-matic operated by means of four photocells, one in each corner of the TV screen. The viewer used a directional flashlight to activate the four control functions, which turned the picture and sound on and off, and turned the channel tuner dial clockwise and counter-clockwise.           By definition the integrated circuit aka microchip is a set of interconnected electronic components such as transistors and resistors, that are etched or imprinted on a onto a tiny chip of a semiconducting material, such as silicon or germanium. Jack Kilby, an engineer with a background in ceramic-based silk screen circuit boards and transistor-based hearing aids, started working for Texas Instrumentsin 1958. A year earlier, research engineer Robert Noyce had co-founded the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation. From 1958 to 1959, both electrical engineers were working on an answer to the same dilemma: how to make more of less. jack kilby's first integrated curcuit         The traitorous eight are eight men who left Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in 1957, due to a conflict withWilliam Shockley, to form Fairchild Semiconductor.      Fairchild Bill   robert noyce   15 min video about traitorous eight http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yLNh4UY5ohw     In 1958 and 1961, the American Air Force lost nuclear weapons over the skies of South and North Carolina, respectively, raining potential apocalypse on the folks below. In both incidents, complete catastrophe was avoided thanks to that ever-potent combination of foresight and unmitigated dumb luck. And in the former incident, the bomb fell square on some unsuspecting children's playhouse.     Unlike the 1958 mishap, the Goldsboro crash could have had dire consequences for the Tar Heel State. As the bombs' deactivator Dr. Jack Revelle later admitted, "How close was it to exploding? My opinion is damn close.            In 1957, a B-36 accidentally salvoed a hydrogen bomb though it's bay doors while on approach to Kirtland AFB. The core was installed but didn't detonate, the conventional explosives did set off, scattering radioactive debris over a large swath of scrub land. In the early 90's the area was still restricted due to radiation concerns.

In 2003, a leather basket filled with cannabis leaf fragments and seeds was found next to a 2,500- to 2,800-year-old mummified shaman in the northwesternXinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China.[136][137] Cannabis is also known to have been used by the ancient Hindus of India and Nepal thousands of years ago.    Contemporary uses of cannabis are as a recreational or medicinal drug, and as part of religious or spiritual rites; the earliest recorded uses date from the 3rd millennium BC.[10] In 2004, the United Nations estimated that global consumption of cannabis indicated that approximately 4% of the adult world population (162 million people) used cannabis annually, and that approximately 0.6% (22.5 million) of people used cannabis daily.[11] In the United States, cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug (under federal law); 5.1% of Americans said they used marijuana in the past 30 days. In 1977, 38% of 12th graders reported using cannabis in the past month; in 2011, 23% of the same age group reported using cannabis in the same time span.           Opium   In June 1840 the British fleet of 16 warships and 27 transports carrying 4,000 men arrived in the Pearl River Delta, near Humen. Among them was the Nemesis, a new iron warship armed with a deadly weapon - the Congreve rocket launcher, able to fire exploding rockets up to a distance of two miles. The Chinese were prepared, but their antiquated defences were no match for the British. Their static canons and armada of war junks were destroyed in just five and a half hours. Over the next two years the British navy travelled up the coast towards Shanghai. Chinese troops, many of whom were addicted to opium, were overwhelmed at every stage. The British bombardments resulted in a considerable loss of life - between 20,000 and 25,000 Chinese were killed. Britain lost just 69 men.           Heroin Diacetylmorphine was first synthesized in 1874 by C. R. Alder Wright, an English chemist working at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School in London. He had been experimenting with combining morphine with various acids. He boiled anhydrous morphine alkaloid with acetic anhydride for several hours and produced a more potent, acetylated form of morphine, now called diacetylmorphine or morphine diacetate. The compound was sent to F. M. Pierce of Owens College in Manchester for analysis. Pierce told Wright: Wright's invention did not lead to any further developments, and diacetylmorphine became popular only after it was independently re-synthesized 23 years later by another chemist,Felix Hoffmann. Hoffmann, working at the Aktiengesellschaft Farbenfabriken (today theBayer pharmaceutical company) in Elberfeld, German   Later, as with Aspirin, Bayer lost some of its trademark rights to heroin under the 1919 Treaty of Versailles following the German defeat in World War I.[65]       The BBC reported that "Worldwide, the UN estimates that as of 2005, there are more than 50 million regular users of heroin, cocaine and synthetic drugs."[13] Global users of diacetylmorphine are estimated at between 15 and 21 million people aged 15–64.[1       LSD   Modern medicine knows about ergot, but has rarely seen it in the form of an epidemic disease.* It is a black fungus that grows on wet grain, contains chemicals that powerfully affect the blood vessels and the nervous system. Drugs that were legal pics tomorrowIn the Middle Ages, growing uncontrolled in wet summers, ergot was no such helpful friend. The disease was called "St. Anthony's Fire," and raged periodically through Europe. Monastic chroniclers wrote of agonizing burning sensations, of feet and hands blackened like charcoal, of vomiting, convulsions and death. Whole villages were driven mad.     The British Army thouht a brief moment that LSD might aid there forces A crew of British military men were each given LSD-25 (Acid) while on the field. Here is what happened:   2 min video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n-rWnQphPdQ   There's a part of the video missing, they mentioned that one of the men nearly succeeded in befelling a tree, using only a spade

Events of 1988 Tyson made his professional debut as an 18-year-old on March 6, 1985, in Albany, New York. He defeated Hector Mercedes via a first round knockout.[8] He had 15 bouts in his first year as a professional. Fighting frequently, Tyson won 26 of his first 28 fights by KO or TKO; 16 of those came in the first round.[19] The quality of his opponents gradually increased to journeyman fighters and borderline contenders,[19] like James Tillis, David Jaco, Jesse Ferguson   Events of 1988   In 1943, Reichsmarschall Göring issued a request for design proposals to produce a bomber that was capable of carrying a 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb) load over 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) at 1,000 kilometres per hour (620 mph); the so-called "3 X 1000 project". Conventional German bombers could reach Allied command centers in Great Britain, but were suffering devastating losses from Allied fighters. At the time, there was no way to meet these goals — the new Junkers Jumo 004B turbojets could provide the required speed, but had excessive fuel consumption. The Hortens concluded that the low-drag flying wing design could meet all of the goals: by reducing the drag, cruise power could be lowered to the point where the range requirement could be met. They put forward their private project, the H.IX, as the basis for the bomber. The Government Air Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium) approved the Horten proposal, but ordered the addition of two 30 mm cannons, as they felt the aircraft would also be useful as a fighter due to its estimated top speed being significantly higher than that of any Allied aircraft.         The Northrop XB-35 and YB-35 were experimental heavy bomber aircraft developed by the Northrop Corporation for the United States Army Air Forcesduring and shortly after World War II. The airplane used the radical and potentially very efficient flying wing design, in which the tail section and fuselage are eliminated and all payload is carried in a thick wing. Only prototype and pre-production aircraft were built, although interest remained strong enough to warrant further development of the design as a jet bomber, under the designation YB-49.     During early 1950, the remaining YB-35Bs airframes being converted to YRB-49As were scrapped. Flight testing of the sole remaining YB-49 prototype ended 14 March 1950. On 15 March 1950, that program was canceled, and coincidentally, that last YB-49 prototype suffered a high-speed taxiing accident and, as previously noted, was totally destroyed in the ensuing fire. But only two months later, all Flying Wing contracts were canceled abruptly without explanation by order of Stuart Symington,Secretary of the Air Force. Shortly thereafter, also without explanation, Symington turned down a request from the Smithsonian for the Air Force to donate one of these big wings to its collection of pioneering Northrop aircraft.[4]         In contrast to the flat surfaces of the earlier F-117 Nighthawk, the B-2 is composed of many curved and rounded surfaces across its exposed airframe to deflect radar beams. Additional reduction in its radar signature was achieved by the use of various radar-absorbent materials(RAM) to absorb and neutralize radar beams. The B-2's clean, low-drag flying wingconfiguration not only gives it exceptional range but is also beneficial to reducing its radar profile.[56][85]   The shroud is rectangular, measuring approximately 4.4 × 1.1 m (14.3 × 3.7 ft). The cloth is woven in a three-to-one herringbone twill composed of flax fibrils. Its most distinctive characteristic is the faint, brownish image of a front and back view of a naked man with his hands folded across his groin. The two views are aligned along the midplane of the body and point in opposite directions. The front and back views of the head nearly meet at the middle of the cloth.[16] Reddish brown stains that have been said to include whole blood are found on the cloth, showing various wounds that, according to proponents, correlate with the yellowish image     Alain Prost vs. Ayrton Senna, the legendary feud between two of the greatest F1 drivers ever, began in earnest in 1988 when Alain Prost convinced Team McLaren to sign a young Ayrton Senna as his teammate. Their personalities clashed from the start, with Senna being a brash risktaker, pushing the car to its limits every lap, compared to Prost's more cautious and calculating style, preferring to save tires and fuel for a strong finish . At the end of the 1988 season, the McLaren duo would win 15 of the 16 races on the F1 schedule (Senna with 8 wins, Prost with 7).

A short story of four showmen     William Frederick "Buffalo Bill" Cody (February 26, 1846 – January 10, 1917) was an American soldier, bison hunter and showman. He was born in the Iowa Territory (now the U.S. state of Iowa), in Le Claire but lived several years in Canada before his family moved to the Kansas Territory. Buffalo Bill received the Medal of Honor in 1872 for service to the US Army as a scout. One of the most colorful figures of the American Old West, Buffalo Bill became famous for the shows he organized with cowboy themes, which he toured in Great Britain and Europe as well as the United States.    19 year old william cody   At the age of 14, Cody was struck by gold fever, but on his way to the gold fields, he met an agent for the Pony Express. He signed with them, and after building several stations and corrals, Cody was given a job as a rider, which he kept until he was called home to his sick mother's bedside.[1]    Cody earned the nickname by killing 4,280 American bison (commonly known as buffalo) in eighteen months, (1867–1868).[ In 1889, the show toured Europe, and in 1890 Cody met Pope Leo XIII. He set up an independent exhibition near the Chicago World's Fair of 1893, which greatly contributed to his popularity. It vexed the promoters of the fair, who had first rejected his request to participate.                                                                                                                                                                                    Phineas Taylor Barnum (July 5, 1810 – April 7, 1891) was an American showman, businessman, scam artist and entertainer, remembered for promoting celebrated hoaxesand for founding the circus that became the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.[1]   Late in 1860, the Siamese Twins, Chang and Eng, came out of retirement (they needed more money to send their numerous children to college). The Twins had had a touring career on their own and went to live on a North Carolina plantation with their families and slaves, under the name of "Bunker." They appeared at Barnum's Museum for six weeks. Also in 1860, Barnum introduced the "man-monkey" William Henry Johnson, a microcephalic black dwarf who spoke a mysterious language created by Barnum.     Jenny Lind     Harry Houdini (born Erik Weisz in Budapest, later Ehrich Weiss or Harry Weiss; March 24, 1874 – October 31, 1926) was an American stunt performer, noted for his sensationalescape acts      The mahogany and metal cell featured a glass front, through which audiences could clearly see Houdini. The stocks would be locked to the top of the cell, and a curtain would conceal his escape. In the earliest version of the Torture Cell, a metal cage was lowered into the cell, and Houdini was enclosed inside that. While making the escape more difficult